Forms of chemical agent

Chemicals can be transported by a variety of agents and in a variety of forms. They are normally defined in the following ways. 

Gases are any substances at a temperature above their boiling point. Steam is the gaseous form of water. Common gases include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen. Gases are absorbed into 

Vapours are substances which are at or very close to their boiling temperatures. They are gaseous in form. Many solvents, such as cleaning fluids, fall into this category. The vapours, if inhaled, enter the bloodstream and some can cause short-term effects (dizziness) and long-term effects (brain damage). 

Liquids are substances which normally exist at a temperature between freezing (solid) and boiling (vapours and gases). They are sometimes referred to as fluids in health and safety regulations. 

---

Thus, it can be said that in practically all activities there are risks to health related to the presence of chemical agents. To evaluate their severity we should consider whether the exposure occurs continuously or at irregular intervals, the possible entry routes to the body, the concentration changes with time and place, as well as the aggregation state of the contaminant in liquid, dust, mist, fume, or vapor form. 

Aluminium is a very reactive metal with a high affinity for oxygen. The metal is nevertheless highly resistant to most atmospheres and to a great variety of chemical agents. This resistance is due to the inert and protective character of the aluminium oxide film which forms on the metal surface (Section 1.5). In most environments, therefore, the rate of corrosion of aluminium decreases rapidly with time. In only a few cases, e.g. in caustic soda, does the corrosion rate approximate to the linear. A corrosion rate increasing with time is rarely encountered with aluminium, except in aqueous solutions at high temperatures and pressures. 

There are two forms of blowing agents (physical or chemical) and these must satisfy the following requirements ... 

Joint Chemical Agent Detector (JCAD) This detector will employ surface acoustic wave technology to detect nerve and blister agents. It will also allow detection of new forms of nerve agents. 

The United States stopped using Agent Orange in Vietnam in 1970—eight years before 2,4,5-T was taken off the market in this country—because of North Vietnamese and Viet Cong charges that herbicides were a form of chemical warfare forbidden by international treaty and claims from Vietnamese, Americans, and... 

The majority of the products currently in use are formed by chemical agents that can be potentially dangerous for human health. About 80% of cancer cases are attributed to chemical products found in the environment... 

However, the majority of natural products were not created to meet human needs and domestication in the form of chemical manipulation is required to increase potency, improve selectivity and reach a clinically acceptable pharmacokinetic and safety profile. Thus, while antibiotics are generated by microorganisms to fight other microorganisms and can be employed clinically to do so, natural cytotoxic agents are not produced to kill cancer cells and they... 

Activation always involves some form of chemical attack. However, chemical activation is a term often used to indicate the prior impregnation of the precursor with a chemical agent such as phosphoric acid or zinc chloride before heat treatment. Physical activation, on the other hand, signifies the heat treatment of the char in a mildly reactive atmosphere such as steam or carbon dioxide. This type of process is preferably referred to as thermal activation (Baker, 1992). The apparent distinction between chemical and physical is somewhat unsatisfactory for two reasons first, it implies a fundamental difference in the mechanism of activation and second, it does not allow for the many procedures which involve both types of treatment. 

Radical species from phenothiazine dyes were also obtained on X-ray and visible light irradiation of the solutions in 23V and it was demonstrated by ESR and optical absorbtion spectra that the species thus formed are identical to those prepared by means of chemical agents (TiCl3). 

While ebemical agents are influenced by weather conditions more than any other weapons, this does not mean that the occasions on which ehf niirals may Ije used in battle are limited to favorable w cather. Cloud gns released from cylinders is the only form of chemical attack that cannot... 

---