Forgeries

The Vinland Map, supposed evidence of the Viking discovery of America long before Columbus, was proclaimed a forgery after the detection in the ink of titanium white, a modem pigment (see Pigments, inorganic) (13). Subsequendy, however, after another analytical study, the interpretation of the eadiet results has been questioned, and the matter of authenticity of this unique document stiU remains an open question (14,15). 

The principal use of CD-ROM and WORM disks is essentially substitution of data storage on paper or microfiche. Conservative estimates number the worldwide use for data storage by paper at 91%, microfiche at 4%, and in electronic media at 5%, of which 4% are magnetic and 1% optical media (18). CD-ROM is being used as an electronic counterpart to print media the WORM disk presents itself more and more as a substitute for paper to store archivable, forgery-proof documents. 

Verfalscher, m. adulterator falsifler. forger. Verfalschung, /. adulteration falsiflcation, forgery. 

The leucos 7a-d are described as useful in printing ink for preventing forgery,1 whereas 7e-g are used in pressure sensitive copying paper.2... 

Newman, William Royall. "Arabo-Latin forgeries the case of the Summa perfectionis (with the text of Jabir ibn Hayyan s Liber Regni)." In The "Arabick" interest of the natural philosophy in seventeenth-century English, ed. G.A. Russell, 278-296. Leiden Brill, 1994. 

Stillman, John Maxson. Petrus Bonus and supposed chemical forgeries. Sci Monthly 17 (Oct 1923) 318-325. 

James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus," claimed to have contained his bones, was shown to be a recent forgery (Mayell 2003). 

A common type of forgery consists not of newly made objects, but of the remains of old ones, which serve as the foundation for additional new work. The advantages of this method are obvious since the basic materials of this type of forgeries have all the marks of age and authenticity, the objects seem to have been restored, and the borderline between restoration and outright forgery is difficult to draw. Occasionally, enthusiastic restorers create new styles by working derivatively from small fragments many "ancient" bronzes and ceramics are faked in this way, sometimes supplemented by additional parts (Woolley 1962 Schmitt 1959). 

Cohon, R. (1996), Discovery and Deceipt, Archaeology and the Forgery Craft, Nelson-Atkins Museum, Kansas City. 

Fleming, S. J. (1975), Authenticity in Art The Scientific Detection of Forgery, Institute of Physics, London. 

Muscarella, O. W. (2000), The Lie Became Great The Forgery of Ancient Middle Estern Cultures, Styx, Groningen. 

Spencer, F. (1990), Piltdown A Scientific Forgery, Oxford Univ. Press, London. 

The age of the cloth was ascertained in 1988 when the Vatican (which has jurisdiction over Turin Cathedral) allowed a small piece of the cloth to be analysed by radiocarbon dating. By this means, the shroud was found to date from ad 1320 65. Even after taking account of the uncertainty of 65 years, the age of the shroud is consistent with the idea of a medieval forgery. It cannot be genuine. 

Forgery detection, in fine art examination/ conservation, 11 419 Forging... 

Infrared reflectography (irr) in art forgery detection, 11 419 in fine art examination/conservation,... 

Werner, O. (1980). Composition of recent reproduction castings and forgeries of Mediaeval brasses and bronzes. Berliner Beitrage zur Archaeometrie 5 11-35. 

So, as he d suspected, the man was a rogue, and one with a useful talent. Casanova knew the rich possibilities of forgery firsthand. He also knew the risks. One had to be very careful with this particular trade. Forgery threatened the system of trust and credit on which much of Europe s commerce depended, so governments treated the crime especially harshly. Several of Casanova s forger friends had already ended their lives on the gallows. 

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