Forest area, regional

Table 3 presents the averaged data for the whole forest area of Boreal and Sub-Boreal zone. However, there are definite peculiarities of biological and biogeochemical cycles in the individual ecosystems. We will consider the Spruce Forest ecosystem of the Karelia region, Russia. These ecosystems occur in the wide area of the Karelia, south from 63° N. 

Table 1.2 The annual gross and net change (in million ha) in forest area by region, 1990-2000 (FAO, 2001)...

Anthropogenic Volatile Organic Compounds in Forest Areas of Northern and Southern Europe and a Remote Site of the Himalaya Region by High-Resolution Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, . /. Chromatogr., 643, 55-69 (1993b). 

In those climatic regions where humus is developed, it is normally found in undisturbed forested areas above the normal mineral soil. Decomposed black coloured organic material (humus) should be sampled. 

Regional air pollutants may be deposited over expansive forest areas because they are transported tens or hundreds of km from point of release due to small size or synthesis in the atmosphere from precursors introduced into the troposphere. Regional air pollutants of potential influence for forests include oxidants, trace metals, and acid deposition. 

Country Land area 1979 1000 ha Total forested 1979 1000 ha area % of land area Area of forest damages % of forested 1000 ha area Forest damages Regional centres Main tree species ... 

The impact of forest on the hydrology and climatology of a region must in effect be the sum of events taking place on individual forested areas, such as watersheds and basins. The interception of precipitation and evapotranspiration by the forest are major events which can be determined over a defined area. In Brazil, measurements of interception in sub-tropical forest were carried out by Freise (1934, 1936) almost fifty years ago. He found that 34% of precipitation became throughfall, 28%... 

The remarkable part of the forested area is swampy. In certain regions, like the vast West Siberian plain, swamp and waterlogged ecosystems occupy about 30% of the total area. The biogeochemical cycling in these ecosystems is very complex and specific. The slow rates of biogeochemical turnover, typical for all Boreal Forest ecosystems are more depressed in Swamp ecosystems. For instance, in the Sphagnum Swamp ecosystem, the most widespread type of Swamp ecosystems, the annual NPP... 

It has been shown that under the assumptions of the IPCC lS92a scenario, the contrast between unbalanced nutrient input and acidification or nutrient depletion will increase. Greatest changes are most likely to occur in subtropical and tropical regions of Asia but the well-known hotspots of Europe and Eastern North America will remain so. Both forest areas with both depletion of... 

This site is also located in the southern Alps at an altitude of 500 m. The climate is comparable to the previous site, although summers are less dry (Figs. 1 and 11A,B). The area is dominated by relatively Al- and Fe-rich silicate rocks (gneisses and micaschists) and almost completely covered by till material whose origin is not necessarily local, but can be regional (catchment of the Lisora and Magliasina rivers, cf. Fig. 14). Soil depths vary from 50 to 200 cm and are often of podzol or cryptopodzol type, especially in chestnut forest sites (Blaser, 1973 Richard and Liischer, 1987). The locality described here is in a forested area, whose age is not known. It was perhaps a vineyard some 40 years ago (Rey, 1996). 

Applications of agricultural limestone are used to raise the pH of streams draining forested areas. The limestone is spread in a very finely divided form (e.g. 50 % less than 10 pm), at about 15 tonnes per hectare [10.2], over the boggy areas in the headwater regions of sensitive catchment areas. Such areas are generally left unplanted so the limestone does not adversely affect tree growth. Regular repeat applications are necessary. 

Malaysia and Indonesia, located at the Southeast Asia region, are currently the two major players in the pahn oil market. Together, both countries account to more than 80 % of the global palm oil production. It is also a coincidence that both countries have been identified as the world s biodiversity hotspots, which harbor high numbers of indigenous and endemic species, which mostly inhabit the forests (Sodhi et al. 2004 Peh et al. 2006). Therefore, the excessive expansion of forest areas in Southeast Asia for oil palm activities seems the greatest threat to biodiversity (Noda et al. 2005 Donald 2004). 

The forests of Earth are multi-faceted and constitute vital ecosystems. With their 39 Mio km they cover about one-quarter of the land area worldwide. About half of the global forest area is shared by five countries - Russia, Brazil, Canada, USA and China. This ought to be considered with regard to forestry and timber strategies, when it comes to third-party certification with respect to sustainable management. Per annum, still 130,000 km of forests are cleared -which is more than the entire forest area of Germany. This contrasts with an increase in the forest area in other regions by 57,000 km. However, this mostly does not concern real forest, but plantations, mainly in the southern hemisphere. 

Kram K.J. (2005). Bulk precipatation and aerosol-gaseous input of elements in the forested area of coastal region (Pomerania, north Poland). PoliA Journal of Ecology, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 261-268, Qune 2005), ISSN 1505-2249. 

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