Forces working against

Way), formed due to gravitational forces working against the expansion of the Universe. 

They had discovered the reason no elements beyond uranium exist naturally in the world the two forces working against each other in the nucleus eventually cancel each other out. 

Small radii can easily be realized in areas where demolding and reaction forces add together (e.g., upper edge on positive molds). Radii in areas where demolding and reaction forces work against each other should always be chosen as large as possible. 

Electrokinetics. The first mathematical description of electrophoresis balanced the electrical body force on the charge in the diffuse layer with the viscous forces in the diffuse layer that work against motion (6). Using this force balance, an equation for the velocity, U, of a particle in an electric field... 

WTiile his cxpcrilnciits yielded acceptable gasolines, serious problems arose as Burton attempted to scale up his process. The short cycles forced on producers by extensive coking worked against continuous operations. The carbon buildup interfered with heat transfer from the furnace to the petroleum and resulted in the formation of hot spots and in turn damage to the vessel. Pressure control was also a problem. 

A special condition called slack flow can occur when the gravitational driving force exceeds the full pipe friction loss, such as when a liquid is being pumped up and down over hilly terrain. Consider the situation shown in Fig. 7-5, in which the pump upstream provides the driving force to move the liquid up the hill at a flow rate of Q. Since gravity works against the flow on the uphill side and aids the flow on the downhill side, the job of the pump is to get the fluid to the top of the hill. The minimum pressure is at point 2 at the top of the hill, and the flow rate (Q) is determined by the balance between the pump head (Hp = — w/g) and the frictional and gravitational resistance to flow on the uphill side (i.e., the Bernoulli equation applied from point 1 to point 2) ... 

When a solvent undergoes a small isothermal volume expansion, it does work against the cohesive forces which causes a change in the internal energy E of the solvent. The internal pressure is given by the relation (Dack, 1976)... 

The processes of life involve both energetic and entropic factors. When we walk, run, climb, fidget, dance, or toss and turn in bed, we are doing work against physical forces. When we ice fish on a frozen lake in Minnesota, we need to generate heat to keep our body temperature constant. That heat is lost to the enviromnent (an ineffective way to heat Minnesota in the winter but it happens nonetheless). In contrast, when we synthesize DNA in the process of cell division with its precisely ordered sequence of bases or synthesize proteins with their precisely ordered sequences of amino acids, it is entropy that we must overcome, not physical forces or heat exchange. The bottom line is that we need a source of energy to five. 

If there is no opposing force from an external source, i.e., Vat = 0, electrons will move without doing work because there is nothing to work against. 

If the external opposing force (Vat) is increased, the electrons move with doing work against Va,. The net driving force for the electron transfer (AK) is... 

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