Forage foods

System 21. composition and quantity of crops and forage food and crops of terrestrial origin including technological treatments (XIV) food and crops of aquatic origin including technological treatments (XV). In many countries, the daily intake standards have been set for humans and animals (see Radojevic and... 

The schedule which probably most resembles those operative in the human environment is known as a concurrent schedule of reinforcement. In the real world, we are routinely faced with a multitude of simultaneously operative schedule options with various schedule conditions and consequences, and we must make choices among them. The foraging (food seeking) environment of many species likewise provides such concurrent options with differential probabilities of reinforcement among which species must make choices. Concurrent schedules provide an experimental analog of this facet of the environment and require the subject to make choices among... 

The movement of fluoride through the atmosphere and into a food chain illustrates an air-water interaction at the local scale (<100 km) (3). Industrial sources of fluoride include phosphate fertilizer, aluminum, and glass manufacturing plants. Domestic livestock in the vicinity of substantial fluoride sources are exposed to fluoride by ingestion of forage crops. Fluoride released into the air by industry is deposited and accumulated in vegetation. Its concentration is sufficient to cause damage to the teeth and bone structure of the animals that consume the crops. 

Futter, n. food, feed, fodder, forage lining, casing, case, coating, covering chuck (of a lathe). 

Futter-verbrauch, m. food (or feed) consumption. -wert, m. forage value, feed value, -wicke, /. common vetch (Vtcta sativa). -wurzel, /. forage root. 

Human labor dominated all subsistence foraging activities, as the food acquired by gathering and hunting sufficed merely to maintain the essential metabolic functions and to support veiy slow population growth. Societies not very different from this ancestral archetype survived in some parts of the world (South Africa, Australia) well into the twentieth century Because they commanded veiy little energy beyond their subsistence food needs, they had very few material possessions and no permanent abodes. 

The immediate availability of biomass energy, in the form of forage and food, placed serious constraints on military operations before 1850. Feudal political aiTangcmcnts in Europe and Asia facilitated the growth of large armies capable of protracted war-... 

Mood and hedonic value associated with feeding, food intake, foraging, consummatory behaviors, and craving in addiction complex regulation by food entrainable oscillators in the brain and periphery, neuropeptides (including orexins) and biogenic amines. 

At a more subtle level, behavioral disturbances may make it more difficult for animals to find food. Pyrethroids, carbamates, OPs, and neonicotinoids can disturb the foraging activity of bees (Thompson 2003). Interestingly, effects have been shown upon the wagtail dance of bees, and this disrupts communication between individuals as to the location of nectar-bearing plants. Also, the neonicotinoid imidacloprid has been shown to adversely affect conditioned responses such as proboscis extension of honeybees (Guez et al. 2001). Nicotinoids can disturb the functioning of cholinergic synapses, which are involved in the operation of the proboscis reflex as... 

Anderson RC, W Majak, MA Rasmussen, TR Callaway, RC Beier, DJ Nisbet, MJ Allison (2005) Toxicity and metabolism of the conjugates of 3-nitropropanol and 3-nitropropionioc acid in forage poisonous to livestock. J Agric Food Chem 53 2344-2350. 

Benoit, writing in 2002, felt that organic sheep have a profitable future in France. He calculated that with a 20% to 30% higher price for organic lamb and by extensifying the area of forage crops so that the farm is self-sufficient for food, then farm income can be maintained or even increased. 

Hillman, G. (1989), Wild plant food economy and seasonality in Wadi Kubbanyia, in Harris, D. R. and G. C. Hillman (eds.), Foraging and Farming, Unwin Hyman, London. 

An example from ants is the acceptance of the caterpillar of the parasitic butterfly Maculinea rebeli by its host Myrmica schencki [132]. The caterpillar chemically mimics ant larvae and, in its final instar, drops from its food plant and waits for a foraging ant worker to bring it to the brood chambers of the host colony [133]. 

Cyanides are used widely and extensively in the manufacture of synthetic fabrics and plastics, in electroplating baths and metal mining operations, as pesticidal agents and intermediates in agricultural chemical production, and in predator control devices. Elevated cyanide levels are normally encountered in more than 1000 species of food plants and forage crops, and this probably... 

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