For load leveling

In the 1990s, the use of batteries in electric vehicles and for load leveling is being revived partly for environmental reasons and partly because of scarce energy resources. Improvements in battery performance and life, fewer maintenance requirements, and automatic control systems are making these appHcations feasible. Research and development is ongoing all over the world to develop improved lead—acid batteries as weU as other systems to meet these needs. 

Over the past few years a number of studies have been made of the use of lead-acid batteries for load levelling. The service required is very similar to that of traction batteries except that energy density is less important than cycle efficiency. 

Fig. 8.17 Schematic diagram of a sodium-sulphur cell for load levelling applications...

The use of two redox couples as active components has been proposed for cells designed for load levelling, bulk energy storage and more recently for electric vehicles. Such systems have inherently low energy densities and... 

One of the most important possible applications of these salts is for the use in high energy density batteries for load leveling and in electric vehicles. Molten chloroaluminates offer many advantages such as low liquidus temperatures and high electrical conductivity [418],... 

This flame tunnel set-up was originally equipped with a modified oil burner RZ 3.3 from MAN, Germany, The burner was then fitted with a pilot burner for ignition of the bio-oil. A fuel pump delivers the fuel flow rate and pressure for load levels varying between 70 % and 100 % via electrically controlled valves. 

The content of Figs. 10.1 and 10.2 is summarized in Fig. 10.3 by showing power as a function of discharge duration for both applications and energy-storage technologies. Supercapacitors, flywheels, and SMES are shown to be primarily useful for power-quality applications. Batteries are suitable for a broad spectrum of applications, and pumped-hydro and CAES are shown to be primarily useful for load levelling [9]. 

W. V. Hassenzahl, B. L. Baker, and W. E. Keller, Economics of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems for Load Levelling, LA-5 377-MS, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico (1973). 

The sodium/sulphur system is being discussed for load levelling and car traction and is believed to be close to commercial production in the UK as a traction battery for commercial vehicles. The overall cell reaction is usually written... 

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