Bulk energy

For the two-component mixed phases the surface and Coulomb contributions can be estimated along the lines of the analysis performed in Ref. [47] for the interface between nuclear and CFL matter. We find a gain in bulk energy of at most 6 MeV/fm3 which is already weight out by Coulomb and surface energy for relatively small values of the surface tension a 10 MeV/fm2. Note... 

The ions in the array arrange themselves in order to minimize the bulk energy of the substance. The equilibrium condition is analytically expressed by equating to zero the first derivative of the potential energy over distance ... 

The first term in Eq. (5.11) reflects the gain in the bulk energy while the second term accounts for the variation in the total free energy associated with the replacement of the substrate/amorphous and vapour/amorphous interfaces (dAi) by the substrate/crystal and vapour/crystal interfaces. The last term represents the increase in the total free energy due to the increase in the crystal/amorphous interface (dA2). Taking into account Eq. (5.11) and the expressions for dV, dAi and dA2 given above, dG/dN can be expressed as ... 

The use of two redox couples as active components has been proposed for cells designed for load levelling, bulk energy storage and more recently for electric vehicles. Such systems have inherently low energy densities and... 

In particular, it is obvious that this relation implies conservation of the bulk energy of a unit of mass. 

Table 8.1 Convergence of the bulk energy for M0O3, with respect to the k-point grid using a planewave basis ( < , = 520eV) and PBE functional within the VASP code.

India is also to expand its nuclear power programmes. Nuclear energy could play an important role in meeting our bulk energy requirement. Our expertise in the field of nuclear power technology as well as related research areas, is an asset for us. 

Fig. 10.20. Flows for the differential equation describing evolution of a spherical particle with growth (or dissolution) dictated by the balance of interfacial and bulk energy. The particle size (f) and time (r) are plotted in the same dimensionless form used in the text.

The nucleation barrier is easy to formulate considering that the created gas-liquid interface related to bubble nucleation increases the system energy by 27ir (r is the radius of the spherical bubble, and y is the liquid-vapour surface tension), while the formation of the most stable phase provides bulk energy (4/37ir AP, with AP = Pliquid - Pvapour) According to the CNT, the competition between these two opposite effects results in an energy barrier... 

---