Foot pads

Equation 4.83 states that there are four variables involved. We have already determined the load variable, F, earlier. The load is applied at a mean distanee, /r, of 150 mm representing the eouple length, and is normally distributed about the width of the foot pad. The standard deviation of the eouple length, cr, ean be approximated by assuming that 6cr eovers the pad, therefore ... 

Lupeol, isolated from the stem bark of Crataeva magna (Lour.) DC. (Capparaceae), reduces the foot-pad thickness and complement activity in arthritic rats (75). Oleano-lie acid saponins isolated from the roots of Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. is anti-pruritic in rodent (76). 

In order to prove the efficiency of the liposomal system in tumor therapy (administration of the liposomes after tumor induction), seven animals were treated with 2 x 10 B16 tumor cells (injection of a suspension in 200 pL HBSS into tail vein). After four and seven days the formulation [AVE 3 TRP-2 (10 pg TRP-2) and AVE 3 1826 CpG (1.3 pg CpG)] was given into the foot pad of the hind legs of the mice intradermally. Twenty-one days after the injection of the tumor cells, the animals were sacrificed and the metastases in the prepared lungs were counted. A second group of seven animals received the tumor cells, but no liposomal treatment was applied. Table 2 indicates the high antitumor potency of the formulation. 

We examined the antitumor effect of CVS against spontaneous tumor metastasis after surgically removing a s.c.-inoculated primary Meth A tumor mass from the right foot pad in BALB/c mice, Fig. (6)-Protocol A. The survival rates of the Meth A tumor-inoculated mice markedly increased when CVS was injected i.t. three times every other day following the tumor inoculation, Fig. (7)-A. A similar result was obtained in the EL-4 lymphoma and C57BL/6 syngeneic system (data not shown). 

The competition of deoxyfructoserotonin with the enzyme-controlled utilization of D0PA may then suppress the viability of leprosy bacteria. In fact, 20 mg/kg body weight/day deoxyfructoserotonin incorporated in the diet of mice totally inhibited the multiplication of M. leprae on mouse foot pad, 4 months after incubation, from both sulfone-sensitive as well as sulfone-resistant cases (2 2). These results are shown in Table I. 

Table I. Studies on the Antileprosy Activity of Deoxyfructo-serotonin (DFS) by the Mouse Foot Pad...

Kjaer, J.B., Su, G., Nielsen, B.L. and Sorensen, P. (2006) Foot pad dermatitis and hock burn in broiler chickens and degree of inheritance. Poultry Science 85, 1342-1348. 

Spontaneous Metastasis from a Primary Foot Pad Tumor... 

Stratum corneum used in these studies was isolated from human, newborn rat, callus, and guinea pig foot pad. The methods of isolating the various tissues have been discussed elsewhere (10,11). Even though the various corneum tissues differ somewhat in morphology and chem-... 

The intradermal route is excellent if small volumes (1 ml or less) of scarce antigen are used. Complete FA will cause granulomas within a few days. Foot-pad inoculations should be avoided. No air bubbles should remain in the hypodermic needle of the immunogen-filled syringe. The point of the needle (bevel up) is forced through the shaven skin folded between forefinger and thumb, while the point should remain just visible below the surface. The inoculum should feel like a hard swelling. 

The in vivo assays that have been employed to evaluate COX-2 inhibitors are well known and have been in use for some time. The carrageenan-induced paw oedema assay [67] in the rat has been used as a model for assessing the effect of NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors in an acute inflammatory response. Injection of carrageenan into the hind foot pad results in a significant increase in paw volume three hours after injection. Paw volume is measured with a displacement plethysmometer and the volume increase is used... 

It has been reported that extracts of rat foot pads contain an additional protein termed SGF (sweat gland factor). SGF seems to be distinct from known members of the IL-6 family, and its identity remains to be determined (Leung et al., 1992 Rao et al., 1992 Rohrer, 1992). 

The functions of CDF/LIF in vivo appear to differ from those of CNTF. As already described, the tissue distributions of CNTF and CDF/LIF are different. Among the peripheral tissues of rat innervated by sympathetic neurons, detectable amounts of CDF/LIF are expressed only in the foot pad, while CNTF is widely distributed. In the central nervous system, CDF/LIF is restricted to some visual neurons (Yamamori, 1991b), whereas CNTF is predominantly expressed in astrocytes of the optic nerve and olfactory bulb, and at moderate levels in other areas (Stbckli et al., 1991). Conversely, a specific receptor subunit for CNTF (CNTF-a) is expressed only in the nervous system and muscle, whereas gpl30 and LIF-R are expressed in most tissues (Ip et al., 1993). 

Figure 7 The posttranslationally modified amino acid DOPA is present at high concentration in proteins at the foot pad-substrate interface. Modification of serine and arginine is also notable in these proteins.

The male platypus has glands at the base of the neck that emit a "musky" odor. "Sweat glands" in the foot pads of the fore and hindlegs have also been described in this species (Klastsch, 1888, cited in Muller-Schwarze, 1983). 

If a Ufer ground is not being implemented, the radials maybe Cadwelded to a subterranean ring, with the ring interconnected to the tower foot pad via a minimum of three no. 1/0 wires spaced at 120° angles and Cadwelded to the radial ring. 

The powerful anti-mycobacterial activity of rifampin (III), a leading drug against tuberculosis in man , also manifests itself against M. leprae growing in the mouse foot-pad 9 in man, rapid effective suppression of lepromatous leprosy was observed with daily 600 mg doses of rifampin administered for 20 weeks, ... 

Female BALB/c Single foot-pad injection 5, 25, 40, Immunomodulation Pb strongly stimulated T- and B-cell Carey et al. ... 

Carey at al. (2006) used adult BALB/c mice given foot pad injections of Pb at 5, 25, 40, or 50 pg and the popliteal lymph node assay (PLNA) or a variant, reporter antigen-PLNA, to show strongly induced T- and B-cell proliferation and antigen-secreting cells. The results skewed toward T-helper type-2 responses. 

In marked contrast to the above, poly(ICLC), given to already sensitized mice, strongly enhanced DTH to SRBC, as measured by foot pad swelling. This was true whether the double-stranded RNA was given 3, or 2, or 1 day before the antigen or even along with the antigen.These differences between the effects of interferon and the interferon inducer may be related to the effects on lymphocyte inhibition or stimulation discussed in the next section. 

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