Food waste processing sustainability

Animal fats (mainly lard, taUow, and chicken), insects, soapstocks, or microorganisms for oil production (eg, microbial oil from yeast, microalgae, molds, bacteria, and cyanobacteria) were compared as cheap sources of biomass for renewable biofuel production by the author and her coworkers in 2014 and can be consulted (Pinzi et al., 2014). Biodiesel production from microbial oil, food waste, or algae, among others, as well as challenging techniques for sustainable processing, is covered later in this book. 

Huang, H., Singh, V., Qureshi, N., 2015c. Butanol production from food waste a novel process for producing sustainable energy and reducing enviromnental pollution. Biotechnology for Biofuels 8, 147. 

Karmee, S., Lin, C., 2014. Valorisation of food waste to biofuel current trends and technological challenges. Sustainable Chemical Processes 2 (1), 22. 

Methods for complete utilization of by-products resulting from food processing on a large scale and at affordable levels should be developed. Active participation of the food and allied industries with respect to sustainable production and waste management is required... 

In the future, lactic acid may be produced from biowaste (e.g., cellulose and lignocellulose) instead of starch fi om food crops to further reduce the cost and to increase the sustainability of PLA. A gypsum-free process is also under development to reduce solid waste to make PLA more environmentally friendly. Industrial-scale d-LA is being optimized to produce low-cost PDLA to improve PLA for high-end applications. Extensive efforts have been committed by the enzyme and fermentation industries and research institutes to these topics. 

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