Folinic add

Colorettai S-fluorouracil folinic add Irinotecan 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid Oxaliplatin + S-fluorouracil folinic acid... 

In the treatment of deficiency, calcium foiinate. folinic add and folic acid are usually taken orally. 

Siddiqui, W. A., and Trager, W. (1966). Folic and folinic adds in relation to the development of Plasmodium lophurae. ]. Parasitol. 52,556-558. 

Used as an antidote to folic acid antagonists such as methotrexate, q.v which block the conversion of folic acid into folinic add. Review of clinical combination therapy with methotrexate J. R. Bertino et al, Ann. N.Y. Acad, Sci. 186,486-495(1971). Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics P. F, Nixnu, Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol... 

Frye RE, Melnyk S, Fuchs G, et al. Effectiveness of methylcobalamin and folinic add treatment on adaptive behavior in children with autistic disorder is related to glutathione redox status. Autism Res Treat. 2013 2013 Article ID 609705. 

Folinic acid responsive seizures have been reported in a few babies. They all presented with seizures within the first few days of life, with no beneficial effect of AEDs. However, the injection of folinic add led to marked improvement in seizure control. The mechanism behind this neonatal vitamin-responsive epilepsy is poorly understood. Unidentified substances in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been reported, but their significance is not known (Torres et al. 1999). 

The Falin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) is a complex formed in a reaction between sodium tungstate and sodium molybdenate in hydrochloric add and phosphoric acid, which turns yellow after lithium sulphate is added. The reagent reads in an alkaline environment with reducing compounds. Such a reaction gives a blue chromophore which is observed by colorimetry. The Folin-Ciocalteu method is highly sensitive - both to phenolic and non-phenolic compounds, e.g. proteins, vitamin C, vitamin Bj, folic acid, Cu(I). The method is applied most frequently to determine the total content of phenolic compounds [34,35]. If that is the case, a sample for determination should be prepared in a proper manner to minimise the effect of non-phenolic... 

At the end of the first tube s 10-min incubation, add 100 il freshly diluted 1 N Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (freshly diluted from a 2 N stock). Immediately vortex the tube for 2 to 3 sec. Continue to maintain the 15-sec intervals from step 3 for addition of the reagent to the remaining tubes. 

Using a multichannel pipettor, quickly add 20 pi freshly diluted 1 N Folin-Ciocalteu reagent to each well. Immediately mix on a plate mixer for 30 sec. 

The protocol requires that the Folin phenol reagent be added to each tube precisely at the end of the 10-min incubation. At the alkaline pH of the Lowry reagent, the Folin phenol reagent is almost immediately inactivated therefore, it is best to add the Folin phenol reagent at the precise time while simultaneously mixing each tube. Because it is somewhat cumbersome, it requires some practice to do the assay well. From a practical point of view, it also limits the total number of tubes that can be done in a single run. If a 10-sec interval between tubes is used, the maximum number of tubes that can be done within 10 min is 60 (10 sec/tube x 60 tubes = 600 sec or 10 min). 

Incubate the tubes at room temperature for 10 min. Add (and immediately mix in) 0.3 ml of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent to each of the 10 tubes. 

While the tubes are being incubated, add 5.0 ml 2N Folin-phenol reagent to 50 ml distilled water in a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Mix the solution thoroughly. 

Methotexate is an antineoplastic folic add analogue that blocks the conversion of dihydrofolate (FHj) to tetrahydro-folate (FH4) by binding to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme. Folate is essential for the normal synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, and therefore DNA and RNA. In order for folate to function as a cofactor, it must be reduced to FH by DHFR. Methotrexate binds to DHFR, prevents the conversion of FH2 to FH4, and, consequently, inhibits purine and pyrimidine synthesis. The antimetabolites are considered cell cycle specific, with most activity for cells in the S (synthesis) phase. With high-dose methotrexate, leucovorin rescue is often used to prevent severe toxicity to normal body tissues. Leucovorin (folinic acid) is a reduced form of folate (similar to FH ) that does not require the use of DHFR. Leucovorin is transported into healthy cells and is utilized for DNA and RNA synthesis. Tumor cells tend to have impaired transport mechanisms and usually cannot use leucovorin. Leucovorin is usually started within 24 to 36 hours of high-dose methotrexate administration and continues until methotrexate serum levels are below nontoxic levels (0.1 to 0.05 mol/L). 

Folin s mixture (for uric acid). To 650 mL of water add 500 g of (NH4)jS04, 5 g of uranium acetate, and 6 g of glacial acetic acid. Dilute to 1 L. Formaldehyde — sulfuric add (Marquis reagent for alkaloids). Add 10 mL of formaldehyde solution to 50 mL of sulfuric acid. 

Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. This reagent is commercially available and, given the chemicals and time involved in preparation, is a worthwhile expense. Whether purchased or made from scratch (see procedure below), the reagent should have a definite yellow coloration with no hint of blue-green. To reoxidize older solutions of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, add several drops of bromine and reboil under a fume hood. 

Add several drops of diluted (1 10) Folin-Ciocalteu reagent to sediment. 

Add 0.2 ml of the diluted Folin-Ciocalteau reagent to each sample and vortex immediately. 

As with the Biuret assays it may be necessaty to remove soluble materials that interfere with the assay. Common interfering agents include a number of common buffers (e.g. HEPES) and neutral detergents (e.g. Triton XiOO). Indeed the Folin method is notorious for the number of compounds that interfere (5, 6). One of the easiest approaches is to precipitate the protein using icecold trichloroacetic add (TCA) as described above under the Biuret assay. A number of variations on the original method have been developed to overcome interference, particularly by detergents in membrane-bound proteins (9). 

This is a modification of the Folin method, without the Folin reagent In this case the Cu formed does not mediate reduction of the Folin reagent but is chelated by bicinchoninic add. 

Add 0.5 ml of 1 N phenol reagent (Folin-Ciocalteu reagent), shake well... 

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