Foliage pesticides

Mice that were exposed dermally to residues of methyl parathion in emulsifiable concentrate on foliage, and were muzzled to prevent oral intake, developed inhibition of plasma cholinesterase and erythrocyte cholinesterase after two 10-hour exposures (Skinner and Kilgore 1982b). For the organophosphate pesticides tested in this study, cholinergic signs generally were seen in mice with cholinesterase inhibition >50% results for this end point were not broken down by pesticide. 

Willis GH, McDowell LL. 1987. Pesticide persistence on foliage. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 100 23-73. 

Pesticide must be sprayed uniformly on foliage and fruit. 

Methner, M.M. and Fenske, R.A. (1994) Pesticide exposure during greenhouse applications. Part II. Chemical permeation through protective clothing in contact with treated foliage, Appl. Occup. Environ. Hygiene, 9 567-574. 

Iwata, Y, Knaak, J.B., Spear, R.C., and Foster, R. J. (1977) Worker re-entry into pesticide-treated crops. I. Procedure for the determination of dislodgeable pesticide residues on foliage, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 18 649-655. 

Re-entry exposure can be considered to be the result of a chain of processes ending with the transfer of pesticide residues to the worker. Popendorf (1985) assumed a linear relationship between dermal exposure (DE) and the amount of residue available to transfer from the foliage to the worker. This is called the dislodgeable foliar residue (DFR) ... 

Andrawes, N.R., Bagley, W.P., and Herrett, R.A. Fate and carryover properties of Temik aldicarb pesticide [2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde 0-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime] in soil, J. Agric. Food Chem., 19(4) 727-730, 1971. Andrawes, N.R., Romine, R.R., and Bagley, W.P. Metabolism and residues of Temik aldicarb pesticide in cotton foliage and under field conditions, J. Agric. Food Chem., 21(3) 379-386, 1973. 

Raney K, Benton W, Miller CA (1987) Optimum detergency conditions with nonionic siufactants II. Effect of hydrophobic additives. J Colloid Interface Sci 119 539-549 Rosen MJ, Wu Y (2001) Superspreading of trisiloxane surfactant mixtures on hydrophobic siufaces 1. Interfacial adsorption of aqueous trisiloxane surfactant -M-alkyl pyrrolidinone mixtures on polyethylene. Langmuir 17 7296-7305 Stevens PJG, Kimberely MO, Mimphy DS, Policello GA (1993) Adhesion of spray droplets to foliage - the role of dynamic surface tension and advantages of organosil-icone surfactants. Pesticide Sci 38 237-245... 

Knaak, J. B. Schlocker, P. Ackerman, C. R. Seiber, J. N. Reentry Research Establishment of safe pesticide levels on foliage. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol., 1980, 24, 796. 

Cultural practices (such as pruning or harvesting) of that crop involve substantial (human) body contact with foliage or bark or exposure to pesticide residues shaken from the foliage or bark, and... 

Himel and Moore (8), observed mostly small drops on western spruce budworm larvae. They used a fluorescent particle tracer in the mexacarbate spray. The question following their study was whether the drops from other pesticide tank mixes would behave in a similar manner. Was the deposition of drops on larvae influenced by physical properties of the tank mix, application technique, or other factors These and other questions provided the basis for investigations. In 1971 the FS initiated studies on an opportunity basis, to pursue the question of drop deposition on coniferous foliage. 

Volatilization of pesticides from various components of the forest environment, foliage, forest floor, or soil should follow... 

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