Fodder plants

Nutz-losigkeit,/. uselessness, -niessung,/. usufruct, use. -pferdestarke, /. effective horsepower. -pflanze,/. useful plant, specif, food plant or fodder plant. -Strom, m. (Elec.) useful current, -tier, n. useful animal. 

Rissanen, K. and T. Rahola. 1989. Cs-137 concentration in reindeer and its fodder plants. Sci. Total Environ. 85 199-206. 

BAF defined as the ratio of the test chemical concentration in (a part of) an organism (e.g., bird, mammal or fish) to the concentration in its food (e.g., laboratory fodder, plants, invertebrates, birds, mammals) at steady state. BAFs are generally used for accumulation by birds, mammals and fish and are expressed on a weight basis. 

The use of chemical extractants for the assessment or prediction of agricultural crop plant contents, plant growth or health and the estimation of the likelihood of plant or animal (consuming the fodder plant) deficiency or toxicity has been a major topic of study in agricultural laboratories for almost half a century, although... 

Virtanen, A. I., Hietala, P. K., and Wahlross, O. 1957. Antimicrobial substances in cereals and fodder plants. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 69, 486-500... 

Weeds Medicinal and fodder plants. No indiscriminate weeding Emergence of problematic weeds with limited domestication of medicinal and fodder weeds Presence of problematic weeds with limited domestication of medicinal and fodder weeds Presence of problematic weeds with aggressive campaigns for domestication of useful weeds such as medicinal weeds and some that are of human nutritional value... 

Table 2. Yield of fodder plants harvested as cereals or herbage crops per hectare based on Hungarian experimental results...

Transplantation of an alien gene into alfalfa was the first successful experiment in the world carried out with this important papilionaceous fodder plant. Experiments with nitrogen bonding were carried out, the isolation of Rhizobium genes was studied, and the molecular background of symbiosis has been analyzed. 

For some metals, which have not been regulated by law, in Germany VDI-Guide-lines with regard to maximum allowable concentrations (Maximum Immission Value - MID) exist for different types of farm animal. These are supports for decisions in case of contamination of fodder plants by such metals when caused by airborne dust. An impairment of health and performance of farm animals and risk for undesirable residues in feedstuffs will not be expected, if the maximum doses have not been exceeded. Table 1.20 shows MID-values for thallium, nickel, zinc, vanadium, and molybdenum (VDI/DIN). 

KISR also successfully used the bioranediated soil in natural landscape settings to grow a number of ornamental and fodder plants [118]. Although the results were encouraging, further investigations are required to assess the impact of uptake of petroleum hydrocarbons on the environment and their ultimate use. 

Sorghum is a genus of grasses with about 30 species, which are raised for producing starch and proteins in the grains, sugar in the stalks and many of which are used as fodder plants, either cultivated or as part of pasture (Figure 4A.3). 

Kenaf is cultivated for its fibre and also as a fodder plant and has a relatively wide range of adaptation to climate and soils. With the exception of some early types developed for the Asiatic regions of the former USSR, most of the current kenaf cultivars grow best under tropical and sub-tropical conditions where mean daily temperatures are greater than 20°C [47]. Water demand varies but on average lies between 75 and 125 mm per month during the first 100 days of vegetation [41]. 

Horigome T, Kumar R, Okamoto K (1988) Effects of condensed tannins prepared from leaves of fodder plants on digestive enzymes in vitro and in the intestine of rats. Br J Nutr 60 275-285 Huang XD, Liang JB, Tan HY, Yahya R, Ho YW (2011) Effects of Leucaena condensed tannins of differing molecular weights on in vitro CH production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 166-167 373-376... 

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are a large and important group of about 250 alkaloids produced by approximately 6000 plant species belonging to 13 families. The most important plants belong to the famflies Boraginaceae, Asteraceae, Heliotropiaceae, Fabaceae and Rham-naceae. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids occur in relatively small amounts (0.1-1% of dry matter) as a complex mixture of more than ten different compounds. Important sources of alkaloids are some herbs and certain fodder plants. 

An important amino acid toxic to Hvestock is L-mimosine, P-(3-hydroxy-4-pyridone-l-yl)-L-alanine (see 2-62). It occurs in plants of genera Leucaena and Mimosa of the family Mimosaceae. Its quantity in the fodder plant L. leucocephala can reach up to 30-50 g/kg of dry matter. 

Therefore, It coirld be concluded that, Se concentrations in plant foods can vary greatly between countries and regions thus, to avoid Se deficiency and toxicity, it is important to monitor and optimize crop Se concentrations. The Se content of crops received recently much attention because of its importance in the food chain, where most data that are available are for food and fodder plants. Generally, mean concentrations of Se in grains are higher in countries from arid climates than in countries from humid climates. 

---