Fly-through

Equation 25 represents the reaction responsible for the removal of uv-B radiation (280—330 nm) that would otherwise reach the earth s surface. There is concern that any process that depletes stratospheric o2one will consequently increase uv-B (in the 293—320 nm region) reaching the surface. Increased uv-B is expected to lead to increased incidence of skin cancer and it could have deleterious effects on certain ecosystems. The first concern over depletion was from NO emissions from a fleet of supersonic transport aircraft that would fly through the stratosphere and cause reactions according to equations 3 and 26 (59) ... 

Occurs in the Rhode Island hamlet of Eastwick. Wonderful powers have descended upon Jane, Sukie, and Alexandra now that their husbands are out of the way Alexandra sculpts and creates thunderstorms, Jane plays the cello and can fly through the air, Sukie writes a gossip column and turns milk into cream. Their snug little coven takes on new and more malignant life when a dark, burly and apparently wealthy stranger, Darryl Van Horne, arrives in town he refurbishes the old Lenox mansion, and sets up an alchemist s lab. .. 

The neutrino Sun never sets. Sixty billion neutrinos blasted out from the Sun s core eight minutes ago fly through every square centimetre of our body each second. We feel absolutely nothing and neither do they. They are the height of discretion. The night is not absolutely dark because, not only are we forever bathed in the cosmic background radiation at microwave wavelengths, but we... 

Rogina, B. and Helfand, S.L. (2004) Sir2 mediates longevity in the fly through a pathway related to calorie restriction. Proceedings of the Natioruil Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 15998-16003. 

Solid-gas reaction only on the surface or on the entire particle may occur while the particles fly through the reaction chamber by introducing reactive gas in... 

Trillions of neutrinos are flying through your body as you read this. Created by the Big Bang, stars, and the collision of cosmic rays with the earth s atmosphere, neutrinos outnumber electrons and protons by 600 million to 1. [For more information, see. Gibbs, W. (1998) A massive discovery. Scientific American. August, 279(2) 18-19.]... 

It just gives you where you are. Wherever you are, that is what you get. If you are in darkness, you fly through darkness. The light and the faces you see are the faces that you always carry, the mental faces, lit by the glow of mind. If you are with your lover, the plant is an aphrodisiac. 

As for integration of vision with other sensory modalities, most of the studies agree about the implied hyperactivity of the parietal operculum, where vision, space, and movement meld so that we experience the world in 3-D as we fly through it (however turbulent the weather ). If we lose this multimodal cortical matching center, we lose dreaming altogether, whereas if we lose our visual cortex we still dream, even though we don t see any more in those dreams. 

For lower yield events, when all or most of the cloud remains below the tropopause, sampling has been more extensive, although still not necessarily representative. The Johnie Boy (0.5 kiloton) cloud, whose top was at about 4.3 km. (15,000 ft.), was sampled at several altitudes by airplanes flying through the cloud. The Koon (150 kilotons) cloud, with a top at about 17 km. (55,000 ft.), was sampled at the periphery only, but one sample was obtained from the region near the top of the... 

An ion trap mass analyzer has a variety of differing physical arrangements of its electrodes, but the primary objective remains the same to allow the ions to enter and then to trap them in space between the electrodes. Unlike the fly-through mass analysis scheme of a quadrupole, the ion trap mass analyzer stores the ions. They are then ejected to the detector as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio, typically by scanning the rf voltage. 

It is important to produce a simultaneous description of collisional and fly-through relaxation. At first sight this appears to be a simple enough problem, namely, similarly to the excited state (2.42), one must introduce the total rate 7s additively ... 

The problem of passing from the dimensionless parameter x = p/lT, to values of 7s in s-1 has been approached in different ways. The simplest idea is to use extrapolation in the x 1(N) dependence to N = 0, leading to 7coi = 0 and 7s = 70 if one assumes that (3.2) holds. This allows us to obtain Tp = 7ox(0) by evaluating the fly-through relaxation rate 70 as a reciprocal transit time of molecules with the most probable velocity through the effective diameter of the laser beam [102]. 

In other words, one may speak here of a certain fly-through lifetime Tq of the optically depopulated lower level. 

Fig. 3.20. Signals of fluorescence kinetics representing fly-through relaxation of an optically depopulated initial level (a) rectangular profile of the beam (b) limited Gaussian profile (c) unlimited Gaussian profile (d) experimentally registered signal. Values of the non-linearity parameter Bwpvp/ro are shown in brackets.

The kinetics signal registered in [13] for K2(X1S+, 1,73) under condition of prevalence of fly-through relaxation is shown in Fig. 3.20(d) and demonstrates the expected delay . The solid line represents calculated data in accordance with (3.38), (3.39) and (3.40), applying experimentally measured distributions wPtPr(y,z) by scanning the diaphragm (0.1 mm diameter). The distributions obtained were close to the Gaussian with 2ro = 3 mm. 

Generally speaking, the influence of fly-through effects on the optical pumping of the lower level is essential for various non-linear phenomena [268]. These problems, on application to atomic systems, are treated, for instance, in [10]. 

Fig. 3.21. Connection between the pumping parameter x-1 and the rate of collisional relaxation 7col in the fly-through region 7 < vp/ro (a), and the collisional region 7coi > vp/ro (b). a(jcoi) shows the calculated dependence of the exponent (3.33) on the collisional relaxation rate (c). The beam diameter is assumed to be 2ro = 3 mm.

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