Fluosol

Medical appHcations of PFC emulsions for organ perfusion and intravenous uses have received much attention in recent years. The first commercial blood substitute (Fluosol DA 20%, trademark of the Green Cross Corp.) employed perfluorodecalin, and improved, second generation products based on this PFC, or perfluorooctylbromide, are now under development (20,21). The relatively high oxygen dissolving capabiHty of PFCs undedies these appHcations (see Blood, artificial). 

Perfluorinated compounds are also potentially useful as inert reaction media, particularly when one of the reactants is gaseous. The high solubiHty of oxygen and carbon dioxide in perfluorinated Hquids has allowed their use as blood substitutes (41) and as oxygenation media for biotechnology (42). One product, Fluosol DA (43) (Green Cross Corp.), has been commercialized, and there is an abundant patent art in this area (see Blood, artificial). 

Fluosol-DA, a 20% by weight emulsion, has been Hcensed for use ia coronary angioplasty. As of 1991, this product was available through the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration (FDA) for compassionate use. 

Dozens of compounds have been used in in vivo fluonne NMR and MRI studies, chosen more for their commercial availability and established biochemistry than for ease of fluonne signal detection [244] Among the more common of these are halothane and other fluormated anesthetics [245, 246], fluorodeoxyglucose [242 243], and perfluormated synthetic blood substitutes, such as Fluosol [246], a mixture of perfluorotnpropylamine and perfluorodecahn Results have been Imut-ed by chemical shift effects (multiple signals spread over a wide spectral range) and long acquisition times... 

GB Fluosol (Alpha Therap.)-comb, with perflunafene wfm... 

R. Nunnally, P. Antich, P. Nguyen, E. Babcock, G. McDonald, R. Mason, Fluosol adjuvant therapy in human cancer Examinations in vivo of perfluoro-carbons by F-19 NM, in Proceedings of the SMRM 7th Meeting San Francisco, 1988, p. 342. 

The first commercially developed PFC emulsion, Fluosol, consisted of a mixture of F-decalin and F-tiipropylamine emulsified with Pluronic F-68 [a poly(oxyethy-lene) poly(oxypropylene) block co-polymer] as the main surfactant. It gained... 

The Green Cross Corporation, who have also been very active in the field of artificial blood substitutes, have synthesised a wide range of potential materials stemming from their first practical product Fluosol-DA, a mixture of perfluo-rodecalin and perfluorotripropylamine. 

For many years, the perfluorocarbons seemed to present insurmountable hurdles to further development. However, newer emulsions are being developed that allow higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen and interest in perfluorocarbon products has been renewed (31). One product, Fluosol-DA, a 20% by weight emulsion, has been licensed for use in coronary angioplasty. As of 1991, this product was available through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for compassionate use. 

Pernuorodecaliflr pernurotripropylamine Fluosol-DA Green Cross Alpha Intracoronary Blood substitute Marketed worldwide Yamaguchi et al. (1994) Physicians Desk Reference, p. 593 (1995)... 

Some researchers are exploring a totally different approach to the production of artificial blood that focuses on the synthesis of nonnatural substances with bloodlike properties. This approach has the advantage of avoiding the use of human or animal blood or any of its components. One line of research makes use of a class of chemicals known as the perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrocarbons in which all hydrogens have been replaced by fluorine atoms. The first PFC to be marketed commercially was called Fluosol-DA, manufactured by the Green Cross Corporation of Japan. Fluosol-DA was a mixture of perfluorodecalin (C10F18) and perfluorotripropylamine (CgF21N) emulsified with Pluronic F-68, a copolymer of oxyethylene and oxy-propylene. 

In 1983 the FDA approved Fluosol-DA for limited use as a blood substitute in coronary angioplasty surgery. However, a number of... 

Intravenous infusion of the plasma-insoluble PFCs into animals results in fatal embolisms. However, following extensive research with a large number of PFCs and emulsifiers, the development of several PFC emulsions dispersed in isotonic solution has produced promising results. The first commercial product, Fluosol-DA 20% (F-DA), available in 1978, consists of perfluorodecalin (14%) and perfluorotripropylamine (6%) in emulsifiers260. 

Fig. 1 Oxygen content of the fluorocarbon emulsions Oxy-gent AF0144, Fluosol, and Perftoran as compared to fresh (a) and stored (b) blood and plasma, as a function of oxygen partial pressure.

Fluosol Green Cross Corp. (Japan) FDC/FTPA 7 3 6/7 11% (20%) Pluronic F68 EYP K oleate Frozen stem emulsion Reconstitute dilute Approved in the U.S. for PTCA 1989. Discontinued... 

The first commercially developed emulsion, Fluosol-DA (Green Cross Corp. Osaka, Japan), was stabilized using a mixture of 6 and F-tripropylamine (FTPA, 7, 30% of total PFC) (Table 2). However, the product s stability was still poor Fluosol had to be frozen for shipment and storage, and reconstituted prior to use. Fluosol utilized a surfactant system that included poloxamer-188 (Pluronic F-68) with smaller amounts of EYP and potassium oleate. The poloxamer provided steric stabilization, and potassium oleate introduced negative charges on the droplets, likely to oppose flocculation. 

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