Fluid mud

Liquids and Solids Content. A mud retort is used to determine the liquids and solids content of the drilling fluid. Mud is placed in a steel container and heated until the liquid components have been vaporized. The vapors are passed through a condenser and collected in a graduated cylinder, and the volume of liquids (water and oil) is measured. Solids, both suspended and dissolved, are determined by volume as a difference between mud in container and distillate in graduated cylinder. 

Kineke GC, Sternberg RW, Trowbridge JH, Geyer WR (1996) Fluid-mud processes on the Amazon continental shelf. Cont Shelf Res 16 667-696... 

Hydrothermal drilling fluid (mud), 12 526 Hydrothermal-electrochemical technique, 14 108... 

A water-in-oil emulsion. This term differs from the term reverse emulsion , which is used in the petroleum field. An emulsion drilling fluid (mud) of the water-in-oil (W/ O) type, that has a high water content. See also Oil-Base Mud, Oil Mud. 

An emulsion drilling fluid (mud) of the oil-dispersed-in-water (O/W) type. See also Oil Mud. 

An emulsion drilling fluid (mud) of the water-dispersed -in-oil (W/O) type. A mud of low water content is referred to as an oil-base mud , and a mud of high water content is referred to as an invert-oil mud . See also Oil-Emulsion Mud. 

Estuarine Turbidity Maximum, Benthic Boundary Layer, and Fluid Muds... 

Similarly, fluid muds occur in estuarine regions where there is a large source of flocculated particles (e.g., the ETM), a boundary in the water column that reduces upward... 

Figure 6.9 Theoretical diagram of fluid mud formation and disruption at the frontal zone showing (a) neap tide stratified fluid mud formation—with strong vertical salinity gradient and (b) spring tide mixed or mobile fluid mud formation—with strong horizontal salinity gradient. (Modified from Kineke et al., 1996.)...

Due to rapid and high sedimentation rates in the ETM, the accumulation of particles in the BBL can result in the formation of mobile and fluid muds. Fluid muds are defined as sediments suspended in concentrations of greater than 10 g L-1. 

Figure 13.6 Vertical profiles of suspended particulate matter (SPM), oxygen, total alkalinity (TAIk), pH, calculated DIC, and pC02, NC>3, NC>2, and NH4+ in bottom water and fluid muds in the Gironde estuary. (Modified from Abril et al., 1999.)...

The high vertical flux of particulates in river/estuarine plume regions commonly results in the accumulation of particles in the formation of a benthic boundary layer (BBL) and/or mobile and fluid muds (see chapter 6 for more details). The BBL is defined by Boudreau and Iprgensen (2001, p. 1) as those portions of sediment and water columns that are affected directly in the distribution of their properties and processes by the presence of... 

Fluid mud high concentration of sediment suspended in mass concentrations of greater than 10 g L-1. 

Abril, G., Riou, S.A., Etcheber, H., Frankigoulle, M., deWitt, R., and Middelburg, J.J. (2000) Transient, tidal time-scale, nitrogen transformations in an estuarine turbidity maximum-fluid mud system (The Gironde, south-west France). Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 50, 703-715. 

Kineke, GC., and Sternberg, R.W. (1995) Distribution of fluid muds on the Amazon continental shelf. Mar. Geol. 125, 193-233. 

Tseng, C.M., Amouroux, D., Abril, G, Tessier, E., Etcheber, H., and Donard, O.F.X. (2001) Speciation of mercury in a fluid mud profile of a highly turbid macrotidal estuary (Gironde, France). Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 2627-2633. 

Figure 17. 2 Schematic representation of the seasonal variations in physical forces, discharges, and suspended sediment inventory on the Amazon shelf (from Nittrouer and DeMaster 1996, and Kineke et. al. 1996). The suspended sediment inventories include the fluid mud layers, which can comprise more the 90% of the suspended material on the shelf. The timing of the 4 AmasSeds cruises are shown at the bottom of the figure. In the upper figure NBC refers to the North Brazilian Coastal Current,...

Amazon deltaic deposits are reworked extensively by tides and waves (Geyer et al. 1996, Kineke et al. 1996, Sternberg et al. 1996). Over 10% of the Amazon subaqueous delta is covered by fluid muds (suspended solid concentration > 10 g L O, which can be several meters thick in some places. These sediments and the water contained therein can be mobilized by changes in frontal dynamics or by fortnightly tidal cycles (Kineke et al. 1996, Geyer et al. 1996). Even in nonfluid mud areas, the sediment can be... 

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