Fluid flow fractured reservoir

Xu T. and Pruess K. On fluid flow and mineral alteration in fractured caprock of magmatic hydrothermal systems. 2001 Journal of Geophysics Reservoir 106 2121-2138. 

Bruel, D. 1995. Heat extraction modeling from forced fluid flow through stimulated fractures rock masses Applications to the Rosemanowes hot-dry rock reservoir. Geothermics, 24, 361-374. 

Douglas, J. and Arbogast, T. (1990) Dual porosity models for flow in naturally fractured reservoirs, in Dynamics of Fluid in Hierarchical Porous Media, editor J.H. Cushman, Academic Press, New York, pp. 177-222... 

A foam, aqueous or non-aqueous, that is injected into a petroleum reservoir to improve the productivity of oil- or gas-producing wells. Some mechanisms of action for foam stimulation fluids include fracturing, acidizing to increase permeability, and diversion of flow. 

The present hydrogeological framework of the sedimentary basin, which is characterized by the distribution, thickness and dip of porous and permeable hydrogeological units (aquifers/potential carrier-reservoir rocks, e.g. sands, sandstones, carbonates, fractured rocks) and poorly permeable hydrogeological units (aquitards/potential barrier rocks, e.g. shales, evaporites), and the location of geological structures and tectonic elements of importance for subsurface fluid flow, e.g. permeable or impermeable faults, unconformities... 

Fracturing and fault compartmentalization of sandstones fundamentally affects reservoir properties and may significantly influence the fluid migration pathways in a basin (Knipe, 1993). Open fractures may form high-permeability conduits, whereas cement-sealed fractures form barriers to fluid flow. Seismic, petrophysical and reservoir performance data allow regional (field-scale) effects of faulting on fluid flow to be constrained. However, much fracturing and associated cementation may occur at sub-... 

Oil and gas field waters have long been used in diagenetic studies, primarily as vehicles for understanding basin fluid flow, oil migration pathways, evolution of water composition, and reservoir com-partmentalization. However, water samples used for these purposes must be original formation water, not mixed with drilling mud or with injected fluids such as fracture fluid, waterflood water, or other fluids used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR),... 

After drilling an empty string of pipe with a valve is lowered. It stops short of the oil formation. When the valve is opened, the reservoir fluid flows up the drill pipe. If the flow is slow, exploding nitroglycerine, acidizing and hydraulic fracturing may be used to increase the flow. These techniques can convert a dry hole into a producing well. 

Fan X, Li X, Zhang S and Xu X. 2000. Mathematical simulation of coupled fluid flow and geomechanical behaviour for full low permeability gas reservoir fracturing. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 27(1), pp.76-83. 

These are the reasons why the reservoir engineers are not interested in the detailed molecular structure of coals, their attention is rather concentrated on the problem How can flow the methane in the inside structure of coals, that is, they think in micropores, cavities, fractures giving possibility to transport of methane through the coal. It is indifferent to them how these pores, cavities etc. taken shape from the concrete molecular structure. To demonstrate this statement only two examples, from the recent literate, are shown here. King and Ertekin [7] supposed a desorption process from internal coal surfaces then diffusion through matrix and micropores and finally a fluid flow in network (See Figure 3). 

Murtha, J.A. and Ertekin, T. 1983. Numerical Simulation of Power-Law Fluid Flow in a Vertically Fractured Reservoir. Paper SPE 12011 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Francisco, 5-8 Pctober. DPI 10.2118/12011-MS. 

Fractures are important for fluid flow in oil, gas, and water production and geothermal processes. In such cases, the fluids are stored mainly in the matrix porosity but produced primarily using fracture permeability. Fractures penetrating impermeable shale layers create hydraulic conductivity and can develop a reservoir. Artificial fracturing (hydrofrac) can create new fractures or magnify existing fracture. On the other hand, fractures significantly reduce mechanical rock properties. 

A reservoir is not a subterranean lake of pure oil or a cavity filled with gas. It is a porous and possibly fractured rock matrix whose pores contain oil, gas, and some water, or else, more rarely, it is a highly fractured rock, whose fractures contain the fluids. Such a resewoir is usually located in sandstone or carbonate rock. The rock matrix of an exploitable reservoir must be porous or fractured sufficiently to provide room for the hydrocarbons and water, and the pores and fractures must be connected to permit fluids to flow... 

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