Bridge potential fluid models

The present relations differ from the KM approximation since the factor 3 is replaced by the bridge function at zero separation. This feature does not seem to be unreasonable because, from diagrammatic expansions, B (r) = B r)/3 is supposed to be accurate only at very low densities. Eq. (112) presents two advantages at high density i) it provides a closed-form expression for Bother fluids than the HS model and ii) it allows to ensure a consistent calculation of the excess chemical potential by requiring only the use of the pressure consistency condition (the Gibbs-Duhem constraint, no longer required, is nevertheless implicitly satisfied within 1%). 

In the present reanalysis, the bellows, the bridging pipe, and its assembly into the bypass are modeled and a release scenario that considers the likely sequence of events initiated by the crack noted by the Court in possibility ii) above is advanced. These considerations utilize finite-element an yses (FEA) of the bellows and pipe assembly as well as computational fluid mechanics (CFD) models of the two potential release secenarios that accepted by the Court and the one considered here. The results of both examinations demonstrate that the proposed two-step failure of the pipe bridge is more probable based on the physical and eyewitness evidence available. The localized explosion damage additionally supports the conclusion that the cloud was detonated. 

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