Flow domain anisotropy

Figure 6. Semicoke texture a) flow domain anisotropy in a LVB semicoke b) fine grain mosaic anisotropy in a HVB semicoke c) vacuum bottoms and carboniferous MVB coal at 554 " C (coal 30% by weight).

Breeze Additives. Optical microscopy of the Six Bells (CR 301a), Cortonwood (CR 401) and Maltby (CR 502) cokes with the A170 pitch coke breeze additives shows that the breeze additives with predominantly flow domain anisotropy optical texture are easily distinguishable from the surrounding coal coke of predominantly fine-grained mosaics. The effect of carbonization to 1200 K upon the petroleum coke breeze is to increase progressively the number and size of fissures within the breeze particles. 

Firstly, co-carbonization of anthracites (CR 101) with A200 gives a coke showing two distinct types of anisotropy or phases. One phase is coke from the anthracite not modified by the A200 pitch and which shows basic anisotropy. The other phase is coke from the A200 pitch (flow domain anisotropy) which appears to act as a binder. 

The peculiarities of plasma flow in the edge region of magnetic confinement fusion machines result from the strong stiffness of the equations (very different timescales within one problem), the inherently (at least) two-dimensional nature of the flow (on multiple connected domains), the extreme anisotropy (by a factor 106) in the flow, the strongly nonlinear dependence of the transport coefficients on the flow parameters, the large number of species (equations) to be considered simultaneously, and the nonlocal nature... 

The explicit description of any material (not only FGM) from the first principles can be obtained from its consideration over an arbitrary domain, where every inclusion, defect, anisotropy, etc., is precisely taken into account [6,7,15]. This task could be solved theoretically, but its application would be certainly useless in practice, since it will involve a vast number of calculations and measurements. In this connection, there is a need for theoretical basis, which would allow to describe the structure and properties of materials from first principles, while remaining simple and easy to use. In this work, such theoretical principles are suggested and their applications to FGM heat flow and respective mechanical stresses are considered as example. These principles, however, can be spread out for other materials. 

Because of the dielectric anisotropy property of LCs, the LC molecules can align either parallel or perpendicular to the electric field, theoretically, according to their values of dielectric anisotropy [44]. However, under certain conditions, the uniform director reorientation in an a-c electric field is unfavorable the domain structure corresponding to a minimum free energy is formed. The domain patterns can be classified into two main types orientational domains with pure director rotation without fluid motion and the electrohydrodynamic domains caused by the combined effects of the periodic director reorientation and regular vortices of material moving [44]. This kind of movement of LC materials is called hydrodynamic flow, mainly resulting from the effects of conductivity anisotropy of LC molecules and ionic electric current. 

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