Extraction flow diagram

Figures 10.12 and 10.13 show, respectively, a flow diagram for lubricant oil production by hydrorefining and an integrated lubricating oil production unit using both extraction and hydrorefining.

Fig. I. Schematic flow diagram of a countercurrent extraction unit for the continuous separation of two REE or two groups of REE.

The main differences between these processes are the acid concentration and the extraction temperature to effect selective removal of isobutylene. The acid concentration range is 45—65%. Figure 4 shows a simplified flow diagram of the CFR process. 

Separation Processes. Separation of the catalyst from the products is a significant expense the process flow diagram and the processing cost are often dominated by the separations. Many soluble catalysts are expensive, eg, rhodium complexes, and must be recovered and recycled with high efficiency. The most common separation devices are distiUation columns extraction is also appHed. 

Figure 27.1 Flow diagram for refining palladium and platinum by solvent extraction.

Figure 30.1 Flow diagram for the extraction of the lanthanide elements.

Figure 3-16. Flow diagram of the Lummus process for producing butadiene (1) reactor, (2) quenching, (3) compressor, (4) cryogenic recovery, (5) stabilizer, (6) extraction.

Figure 8-4. A flow diagram for the hydration of propylene to isopropanol (1) propylene recovery column, (2) reactor, (3) residual gas separation column, (4) aqueous - isopropanol azeotropic distillation column, (5) drying column, (6) isopropyl ether separator, (7) isopropyl ether extraction.

The complex fluoride process consists of roasting beryl with Na2[SiF ] (or NajfFeFg]) at 700-750°C and leaching the product with water to extract the soluble beryllium fluorides. A flow diagram summarizing this process is given in Scheme 2. 

Figure 3.31. Information flow diagram for simple batch extraction.

Extraction Procedure B. Figure 1 gives a flow diagram for this fractionation procedure, which was based on a modification of the simplified methods described by Serve et al. (20) and Hartley and Buchan (21). Two grams of ground dried sunflower leaves were added... 

The vacuum extraction process involves using vapor extraction wells alone or in combination with air injection wells. Vacuum blowers are used to create the movement of air through the soil. The air flow strips the VOCs from the soil and carries them to the surface. Figure 18.14 shows the flow diagram for such a process. During extraction, water may also be extracted along with vapor. The mixture should be sent to a liquid-vapor separator. The separation process results in both liquid and vapor residuals that require further treatment. Carbon adsorption is used to treat the vapor and water streams, leaving clean water and air for release, and spent GAC for reuse or disposal. Air emissions from the system are typically controlled by adsorption of the volatiles onto activated carbon, by thermal destruction, or by condensation. 

Fig. 5. Flow diagram of the extraction of PHA from oilseeds using PHA organic solvents. The final products obtained from the plant, i.e., PHA, oil and meal, are indicated in bold...

Fig. 7. Flow diagram of the extraction of PHA from oilseeds through the digestion of non-PHA constituents...

Figure 12.1. Flow diagram for extraction of soil organic matter and isolation of humus.

The industrial production of m-xylene is very similar to that of p-xylene. In fact, most of the production of m-xylene is done in facilities where a much larger quantity of p-xylene is produced. Figure 7.5 is a typical flow diagram for an aromatics complex where m-xylene is produced. It is quite like the flow diagram for the production of p-xylene except that a fraction of the Parex unit raffinate, containing typically over 60% m-xylene, is used as fresh feed to the MX Sorbex unit for m-xylene extraction. Because the required m-xylene production is typically much lower than that of p-xylene and the MX Sorbex fresh feed stream is three times more concentrated than the Parex unit fresh feed stream, the feed stream to the... 

The nomenclature used in solvent extraction has been defined in Chapter 1 and is illustrated in Fig. 8.1. Not all of the steps shown in this figure will be found in every extraction process, but equally there may be occasions where it is necessary to add additional steps for example, to recover the extractant from the scrub raffinate. So while Fig. 8.1 is not a completely general flow diagram it covers most of the processes likely to be found in practice. Variations of this flow sheet will become apparent during the remaining chapters. 

Figure 2. Flow diagram of procedure used for harvesting and extracting dinoflagellates and initial separation of crude toxins.

Figure 1.4 is in fact a small extract from much larger and comprehensive flow diagrams found in Stanford Research Institute (SRI) reports. Note that certain chemicals, acetaldehyde and acetic acid for example, appear in more than one place in the flowchart. This reflects the different alternative production routes available for most chemicals. In the industry, many chemicals are products of more than one... 

Flow diagram for the extraction of an organic base. (1) Direct removal of neutral and acidic excipients. (2) Acidic excipients left behind in aqueous layer. (3) Neutral excipients left behind in organic layer. 

Figure 8. Flow Diagram of Anhydrous Phenol Extraction Plant...

A flow diagram of an anhydrous phenol solvent extraction plant is shown in Figure 8. Raw distillate is passed through a tower in which it absorbs phenol from the recovery system vapor. The oil is then passed to the treating tower, generally a few sections above the bottom. Anhydrous phenol is introduced at the top of this tower. Phenolic water condensate from the solvent recovery system (about 9.5% phenol) is introduced at the bottom of the tower to effect reflux. A temperature gradient of 10° to 75° F. may be... 

Figure 12. Flow Diagram of Duo-sol Solvent Extraction Process Information supplied by Max B. Miller Co., Inc.

Method 625 for Semivolatiles. This method is a solvent extraction method intended to determine as many of the organic semivolatile priority pollutants as possible. To accomplish this, the sample is serially extracted, first at a pH greater than 11 and then at pH 2. Figure 1 shows a flow diagram of the procedure. The two fractions, base-neutrals and acids, are independently determined by using two separate GC columns. The base-neutrals are determined on a 1.8-m X 2-mm i.d. glass column packed with Supelcoport (100-120 mesh) coated with 3%... 

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