Flour beetle, insecticides

Because of the importance of safe insecticides in the protection of foods, additional tests have been run against German cockroaches, red flour beetles, and Mexican bean beetle larvae. The residual deposit test was used on the first two insects, and a dust test on the bean beetles. The procedure for the latter method is to incorporate the materials into dusts which are distributed on bean leaves (6) piperonyl cyclonene, which is superior to butoxide against this insect, was included in this series of tests. 

Currently there are few insecticides registered as surface treatments to control stored-product insects. For years the organophosphate insecticide malathion was used as a surface treatment for structural facilities, but stored-product insects throughout the world have developed extensive resistance to malathion (Subramanyam and Hagstrum, 1996). Most of the resistance reports were generated from studies with bulk grains, but in the United States, resistance has been documented for field populations of the red flour beetle, T. castaneum (Herbst), and the confused flour beetle, T. confusum (DuVal), collected from flour mills (Arthur and Zettler, 1991, 1992 Zettler, 1991). Populations of the Indianmeal moth, the almond moth, and the red flour beetle collected from bulk peanuts and empty warehouses were also highly resistant to malathion (Arthur et al., 1988 Halliday et al., 1988). 

The multiresistant strains now extant also show a certain cross-tolerance, but not resistance, to the third-generation insecticides such as the juvenile-hormone mimics and other so-called insect growth regulators, as was found in strains of the housefly, flour beetle and tobacco budworm. Resistance to the JH mimic methoprene and Monsanto-585 has been induced by laboratory selection of Culex taxsalis (28) and Culex pipiens (29), and to Monsanto-585 in Culex quinquefasstatus (30). Whatever insect or IGR is chosen, the result of exposure to selective doses in successive generations is usually the development of resistance, repeating our previous experience with chemosterilants, and the... 

Epoxide rings of alkene and arene compounds are hydrated to form trans-diols. The enzymes that catalyze the addition of a molecule of water to an epoxide ring to yield diols are called epoxide hydrolases (also known as epoxide hydrases). Epoxide hydrolase activity has been detected in numerous species of insects. Enzymatic epoxide hydration of certain cyclodiene insecticides and their analogs has been demonstrated in the housefly, blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala), yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa), southern army worm (Spodoptera eridania), and red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). Epoxide hydrolase is also important in the metabolism of juvenile... 

In comparing the results of Ae two sets of experiments, it will be seen that red thyme was 41% less effective against LBAM than white thyme and in controlling Flour Beetle there was, in comparison, a 65% difference between the two botanical cultivars. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the essential oils drops off rapidly so that only eucalyptus, camphor, and white thyme may be considered as useful canidates. Oddly, black pepper was inactive in these assays, while in earlier work certain components of this commodity have been shown to have strong insecticidal properties. The earliest report being in 1943 (12), which was followed not only by later reports of insecticidal... 

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