Floods design

Improper tray spacing at feed location. Premature flooding. Design error. 

Nelson and Pope concluded that chemical flood design should be such as to maintain as much surfactant as possible in the type III phase environment. This condition can be accomplished by designing the micellar fluid such that the initial phase environment of the immiscible displacement is type II(+). A negative salinity gradient is imposed, and it moves the phase environment to type III and, eventually, to II(-). 

Select a downcomer target flooding fraction, Fj). A typical design value for a new column would be 0.80 (80%). This value does not have to be the same as the jet flood design value. Determine the minimum design downcomer area ... 

Krumrine, P.H., Falcone, J.S., 1987. Beyond alkaline flooding Design of complete chemical systems. Paper SPE 16280 presented at the SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry, San Antonio, 4-6 February. 

Potts, D.E., Kuehne, D.L., 1988. Strategy for alkaline polymer flood design with Berea and reservoir-rock corefloods. SPERE 3 (4), 1143-1152. 

Todd, M.R., Dietrich, J.K., Goldburg, A., Larson, R.G., 1978. Numerical simulation of competing chemical flood designs. Paper SPE 7077 presented at the SPE Symposium on Improved Methods of Oil Recovery, Tulsa, 16-17 April. 

Surfactant solubility and chemical stability are more easily assessed and controlled by proper surfactant selection than adsorption at the solid—liquid interface. In principle, proper foam-flood design should completely eliminate surfactant loss caused by the first two mechanisms. The... 

Low tension waterflooding is a method intermediate between alkaline and micellar/polymer technology. The LTWF employs a dilute surfactant to reduce IFT and mobilize residual oil. A few field trials (26-29) of this process have been tried with mixed success. None of these trials however employed sodium silicates in any part of the flood design. Instead, other alkalis such as sodium carbonate and sodium tripoly- phosphate were used. Some of the reasons proposed for the limited success in these trials were 1) high consumption of the sacrificial agents, leaving the surfactant unprotected, 2) poor sweep of the pay zone, 3) limited mobility control and lower than expected displacement efficiency. Recent work published and obtained in our laboratories has shown that sodium silicates may help to overcome some of these problems better than other alkalis. 

Garrett, B.T., Krumrine, P.H., and Van Kirk, C.W. "Alkaline Flooding - Design of a Low Cost, Portable Facility, paper SPE 11847 presented at the SPE-AIME Rocky Mountain Reg. Meet., Salt Lake City, Utah, May... 

The batch distillation column in Problem 9.D23 is a 6-inch diameter packed column that is packed with 5/8-inch metal Pall rings. Operate at a vapor flux that is 70% of flooding. Design for conditions at the end of the batch calculated at the bottom of the column. Estimate the viscosity as that of pure water at 100°C (0.26 cP). Find the operating time for the batch distillation with the packed column. 

Potts, D. E. and D. L. Kuehne, Strategy for Alkaline/Polymer Flood Design with Berea and Reservoir-Rock Corefloods, SPE Res. Eng. 3, 1,143-1,152 (1988). 

Storage characteristics, data on flood design, safety factors considered in the evaluation of the maximum, normal and average pool elevation and storage ... 

With regard to flooded lead-acid battery separators, the normal materials of construction are relatively noncompressible and they fix the electrode distance, providing a degree of compression on the electrodes, at least where the ribs contact the plate surface. In flooded designs, separators with a laminate layer are regularly utilized to provide more support of the active material that is likely to shed during deep discharge. Because the laminate thickness is normally a small portion, say, 10% to 20%, of the total structure thickness, the amount of compression or resiliency is minimized. 

The most efficient system is directed lubrication introduced in the end of 1960 s [75]. The oil was sprayed at high speed on to the collar surfoce between the pads of die freely drained bearing. The power and pad temperatures were considerably reduced compared to die flooded design. Thicker oil films were also observed [70]. Various distribution systems for the spray jets were tested. Umbrella nozzle system was studied in [70] while the spray bars were tested in [71]. 

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