Flavonol rutin

While the flavonoids suppress oxygen uptake in isolated mitochondria and oxygen evolution from chloroplasts, there has been too little work to establish these organelle effects as the only mechanisms of action. Flavonoids are known to protect membrane lipids against destructive reactions and, based on current evidence, these compounds do not readily fit the model of Figure 11.2. The flavonol rutin did not show an effect on soybean seedling water relations.64 It is... 

In addition, the phenolic acid derivatives include chlorogenic acid, caffeoylglucose and verbascoside. The flavonol rutin and the flavones luteolin 7-glucoside and apigenin 7-glucoside have also been reported. 

Different tomato phenotypes were analysed for the content of total polyphenols, selected flavonoids, including flavonols (rutin and a rutin-derivative), flavanones (naringenin and the related chalcone) and carotenoids (lycopene and P-carotene). The identity of these conoponents was based on their chromatographic, ultraviolet and mass spectrometric behavior. All phenotypes were surveyed for dieir total antioxidant activity (TAA), and correlations betweens TAA values and the content of each group of constituents. 

To this purpose, thirty-one different tomato cultivars were analyzed by spectrophotometric, chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. Firstly, the content of flavonols (rutin and a mtin-pentoside), flavanones (naringenin and its chalcone), cinnamic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and a chlorogenic acid analogue), carotenoids (lycopene, P-carotene and lutein) and total polyphenols were determined. 

Eosin Flavonoids Morin Flavonol, fisetin, robinetin Quercetin Rutin condensation products of urea, formaldehyde and methanol [126], pesticide derivatives [127] sweetening agents [128, 129] anion-active and nonionogenic surface-active agents [130] steroids, pesticides [29,132, 133] pesticides [134—137] vanadium in various oxidation states [138] uracil derivatives [139]... 

Effects of Allelochemlcals on ATPases. Several flavonoid compounds inhibit ATPase activity that is associated with mineral absorption. Phloretin and quercetin (100 pM) inhibited the plasma membrane ATPase Isolated from oat roots (33). The naphthoquinone juglone was inhibitory also. However, neither ferulic acid nor salicylic acid inhibited the ATPase. Additional research has shown that even at 10 mM salicylic acid inhibits ATPase activity only 10-15% (49). This lack of activity by salicylic acid was substantiated with the plasma membrane ATPase Isolated from Neurospora crassa (50) however, the flavonols fisetln, morin, myricetin, quercetin, and rutin were inhibitory to the Neurospora ATPase. Flavonoids inhibited the transport ATPases of several animal systems also (51-53). Thus, it appears that flavonoids but not phenolic acids might affect mineral transport by inhibiting ATPase enzymes. 

The application of flavonoids for the treatment of various diseases associated with free radical overproduction is considered in Chapter 29. However, it seems useful to discuss here some studies describing the activity of flavonoids under certain pathophysiological conditions. Oral pretreatment with rutin of rats, in which gastric lesions were induced by the administration of 100% ethanol, resulted in the reduction of the area of gastric lesions [157]. Rutin was found to be an effective inhibitor of TBAR products in the gastric mucosa induced by 50%i ethanol [158]. Rutin and quercetin were active in the reduction of azoxymethanol-induced colonic neoplasma and focal area of dysplasia in the mice [159], Chemopreventive effects of quercetin and rutin were also shown in normal and azoxymethane-treated mouse colon [160]. Flavonoids exhibited radioprotective effect on 7-ray irradiated mice [161], which was correlated with their antioxidative activity. Dietary flavones and flavonols protected against the toxicity of the environmental contaminant dioxin [162], Rutin inhibited ovariectomy-induced osteopenia in rats [163],... 

Fig. 2.56. HPLC chromatogram of (a) Golden peel and (b) Golden pulp extracts at 280 nm. Peaks 1 = procyanidin B3 2 = procyanidin Bl 3 = ( + )-catechin 4 = procyanin B2 5 = chlorogenic acid 6 = ( — )-epicatechin 7 = caffeic acid 8 = phloretin derivative 9 = phloridzin 10 = rutin 11, 12 and 13 = flavonol glucosides. Reprinted with permission from A. Escarpa et al. [160].

UV-Vis linear dichroism and (mid-)IR ATR IR analysis have been used to explain the possible association between DNA and the flavonols quercetin, rutin (quercetin-3-rutino-side), and morin (3,5,7,2, 4 -pentahydroxyflavone) in solution.These nucleophilic flavonoids were shown to bind DNA by intercalation with an interaction having similar nature and geometry however, under comparable conditions, quercetin exhibited a greater number... 

Solimani, R., The flavonols quercetin, rutin and morin in DNA solution UV-vis dichroic (and mid-infrared) analysis explain the possible association between the biopolymer and a nucleophilic vegetable-dye, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1336, 281, 1997. 

The overproduction of an enzyme at a rate-limiting step to increase levels of specific flavonoids is well illustrated by the Forsythia ANS example described earlier, and also by the use of CaMV35S CF[I increase flavonol levels in A. thalicma and L. esculentum. In particular, fruit of L. esculentum plants expressing P. hybrida CHI had up to a 78-fold increase in flavonol content, principally rutin, in fruit peel. 

Rutin and quercetin-3-glucosylgalactoside (flavonols) and genistein (isoflavone) Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) Cited in 93... 

LC-ESI-MS analyses allowed the detection of intact flavonol glucosides (rutin) in plasma of healthy volunteers after the consumption of tomato extract [65]. 

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