Flatworms

Ivermectin is used in cattle, sheep and horses at 0.2 mg/kg swine at 0.3 mg/kg dogs at 0.006 mg/kg and man at 0.05 —0.2 mg/kg. It is effective against parasitic nematodes, gmbs, Hce, mites, ticks, and bots. Ivermectin is not active against tapeworms, flatworms, bacteria, or fungi. 

ORGANIC MERCURY Freshwater Planarians Flatworm, Dugesia dorotocephala Adult LCO (10 d) 200.0 12... 

Adverse hygienic conditions favor human infestation with multicellular organisms (referred to here as parasites). Skin and hair are colonization sites for arthropod ectoparasites, such as insects (lice, fleas) and arachnids (mites). Against these, insecticidal or arachnici-dal agents, respectively, can be used. Endoparasites invade the intestines or even internal organs, and are mostly members of the phyla of flatworms and roundworms. They are combated with anthelmintics. 

Flatworms (platyhelminths) tape worms (cestodes) flukes (trematodes) e.g.. Schistosoma species (bilharziasis) praziquantel praziquantel... 

Schupp, P. Eder, C. Prdcsch, P. Wray, V. Schneider, B. Herderich, M. Paul, V. (1999) Staurosporine derivatives from the ascidian Eudistoma toealensis and its predatory flatworm Pseudoceros sp. J. Nat. Prod., 62,959-62. 

Figure 2.15 Perhaps in a 2-D world, only creatures with primitive digestive systems would evolve—like Earthly planaria flatworms or hydra that only have one opening in the digestive system. They eat food and expel 2-D wastes from the same opening.

Li, D. and Graham, L. D. (2007). Epidermal secretions of terrestrial flatworms and slugs Lehmannia valentiana mucus contains matrilin-like proteins. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 148, 231-244. 

The body of flatworms (phylum Platyhehninthes) consists of two external cell layers (endoderm and ectoderm) with a third layer between. A distinct excretory system is present. In addition to a nerve net resembling that of the Cnidaria, there are a cerebral ganglion and distinct eyes. One large group of flat-worms, the planaiians (typically about 15 mm in length, Fig. 1-14), inhabit freshwater streams. They are said to be the simplest creatures in which behavior can be studied. 

Many parasitic flatworms (tapeworms and flukes) attack higher organisms.124 Among them are the Schistosoma, tiny worms that are transmitted to humans through snails and which attack the blood vessels. The resulting schistosomiasis is one of the most widespread debilitating diseases on earth today, affecting 200 million people or more.125126... 

Among these are the nematode Caenorhabditis,639 6il flatworms,642 yeast,643 plant chloroplasts and mitochondria,640 644 and mammalian cells.645... 

As parasites, flatworms have extended their global presence by taking advantage of the adaptations of many diverse invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Many parasitic forms are host-specific and many of these are site-specific within or on their host. Contemplate on the biodiversity of vertebrates, consider that many platyhelminths use one or more intermediate hosts and one may just begin to grasp the diversity of parasitic flatworms. From the microscopic interstitial free-living species that live between particles of mud to the enormously long tapeworms of blue whales, an estimate of 100,000 extant species, of which only about 20,000 have been formally... 

CAB International 2006. Parasitic Flatworms Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Immunology and Physiology (eds A.G. Maule and N.J. Marks)... 

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