Flash-freezing technique

Recently, Knowles and co-workers using flash-freezing techniques obtained x-ray crystal structures of several species related to the oxidative half reaction of the amine oxidase from Escherichia coli. The structure of the anaerobically P-phenylethylamine-reduced amine oxidase shows that the reduced cofactor TPQ exists in the aminoquinol form possessing a hydrogen bond between the 0-2 of the aminoquinol and axial water that coordinates to the copper ion, while the product phenylacetaldehyde remains bound at the... 

Figure 11.16 is a cryo-TEM image of G10 PAMAM dendrimers in water. The cryo technique involves flash freezing of the dendrimer solution as a thin film on a grid and is described elsewhere [20]. Individual dendrimers appear to be organized into an array of single dendrimer thickness. While there are complicating factors due to the sample preparation, the picture is consistent with... 

The CNTs-fiUed cellulose nanocomposites prepared with various fabrication techniques included phase inversion, vacuum filtration, and flash freezing (Li et al. 2013a, b, c, d, e Qi et al. 2013a, b, c El Badawi et al. 2014). The CNTs-filled... 

The next mixture contains formic acid (11.9 %), acetic acid (31.4%) and water (56.7%). The difference of freezing points of water and acids is too close (9 and 16 °C respectively), so that the separation by crystallisation is not feasible. If distillation is applied, one can separate two binary mixtures, formic acid/water and acetic acid/water. The separation of these mixtures is known, and it can be solved by standard techniques. Figure 7.23 shows the final sequencing that will consists from a flash, a distillation column, and a special device of extractive azeotropic distillation. 

Desalination of seawater is one of the most important applications of membrane processes. A number of techniques are available to produce fresh water such as distillation (multi-stage flash evaporation, MSF), electrodialysis, membrane distiUation, freezing, and reverse osmosis. 

Write a brief report on a recent research article in which at least one of the following techniques was used to study the kinetics of a biochemical reaction stopped-flow techniques, flash photolysis, chemical quench-flow methods, or freeze-quench methods. Your report should be similar in content and extent to one of the Case studies found throughout this book. 

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