Fish scale analysis

Quiros L, Raldua D, Navarro A, Casado M, Barcelo D, Pina B (2007) A noninvasive test of exposition to toxicants quantitative analysis of cytochrome P4501A expression in fish scales. Environ Toxicol Chem 26(10) 2179-2186... 

Figure 9.19 Scale analysis of North Sea houting from Ijsselmeer lA-ICP-MS, a) photograph of a scale, b) part of a scale with laser craters obtained by LA-ICP-MS measurement in line scan modus, c) Sr Ca ratio for nine North Sea houting caught in Ijsselmeer in 2001/2002. The results were sorted into three different types A Fish that only lived in freshwater B Fish that lived for a fairly long period in fresh water, then moved to sea water and returned to fresh water where they were caught C Fish that obviously moved quickly to sea water after hatching (period from hatching in fresh water until the arrival in the sea was to short to measure a ratio that normally indicates fresh water) and returned to...

A second assumption that has to be made for empirically fitted potentials, that the atom-atom repulsion is isotropic, can also be tested using the atom-atom overlaps, and if appropriate an anisotropic fimctional form fitted. Given that it had already been established from crystal structure analysis that the repulsive wall around organic chlorines was anisotropic [27,29], such a development was clearly needed. The molecule chosen for developing a specific potential by the overlap model was cyanuric chloride [144], because it had already been established that the fish-scale effect of slightly overlapping layers seen in its crystal structure could not be reproduced with conventional model potentials for Cl- N interactions [145]. In this case, adequate fits to the Cl- - - Cl, Cl- - - N and N- - - N overlaps could be obtained with the expression... 

Several methods are available in the literature for the measurement of aliphatic amines in biological samples [28]. Problems with specificity and separation and cumbersome derivatisation and/or extraction procedures have limited the use of these techniques on a larger scale in clinical practice. The lack of a simple analytical method may have led to an underestimation of the incidence of the fish odour syndrome. For diagnosing the syndrome, an analytical technique should be used that is able to simultaneously and quantitatively measure TMA and its N-oxide in the complex matrix of human urine. Two such methods are currently available for this purpose proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and head-space gas analysis with gas chromatography or direct mass spectrometry (see below). 

In terms of numerical procedures for multiscale modeling, Fish and Shek [245] laid out a numerical technique for global and local interactions for composites. Later, Fish and Yu [246] in a three-scale concurrent multiscale methodology for composites analysis introduced a nonlocal damage model. 

The Predicted No Effect Concentration may be derived from laboratory, field or theoretical data. Studies conducted on single species such as acute toxicity to fish (IX so) over a relatively short time scale (normally 40 or % h) and with death as the only recorded endpoint is, by itself, only of limited value in deciding whether or not a predicted environmental level of a dye is, or, is not, acceptable. Extrapolation from acute effects to chronic and ecosystems effects involves numerous uncertainties. In order to protect the ecosystem, conservative assessment factors have been introduced based on the statistical analysis of a set of data [17] for chronic exposure. The US-EPA [18] has proposed to apply a factor of KXX) for a single acute L(E)Cso value or 100 to the lowest value if all 3 tests are available (fish, daphniae, algae). These models have in common that they assume steady state concentrations in the aquatic environment. 

For all practical purposes, the sensory analysis of rancidity of food products includes, in addition to using the rancidity intensity scale, a profile of off-flavor with the attributes listed above and/or more characteristic of the product. In the case of fish products, for example, it is necessary to carry out separate profile analyses for off-odors and off-flavors. 

---