Firing stepped pulse

Pulse-controlled firing, where burners are cycled on and off systematically, has attracted many adherents. Stepped pulse firing (an alternative to excess air firing) saves fuel while maintaining maximum circulation (to assure temperature uniformity) and high convection heat transfer. 

AlO. Conventionally, excess air has been used to reduce temperature differences along the gas flow paths, but that approach costs more fuel. With pulsed flows, high mass flows accomplish the same more-level temperature profile as excess air but without the fuel cost and without the necessary added soak time. Stepped pulse firing allows soak times between its pulses. 

Effects of three antiseizure drugs on sustained high-frequency firing of action potentials by cultured neurons. Intracellular recordings were made from neurons while depolarizing current pulses, approximately 0.75 s in duration, were applied (on-off step changes indicated by arrows). 

Camera approach Visual inspection of the flame pattern can see that flames are pulsing and changing in length and volume—a nonsymmetrical pattern from one burner to another. Operators reduce firing rate, supplying sufficient oxygen so that combustion can be completed. Operators can then confirm that these steps have been effective. 

Subsequently, a number of other investigators have modified the local feedback mechanism proposed by Robinson [1975] to better describe the neural connections and firing patterns of brainstem neurons in the control of horizontal saccadic eye. In addition to the Robinson model, two other models describe a saccade generator [Scudder, 1988 Scudder et al., 2002 Enderle, 1994, 2002], AH of the models involve three types of premotor neurons burst, tonic, and pause cells, as previously described, and involve a pulse-step change in firing rate at the motoneuron during a saccadic eye movement. 

Q10. Why do pulse firing and step firing reduce fuel rates ... 

The reactor will be pulsed with reactivity insertions from 1% to 1.4%(or the maximum available) in 0.1% increments. Calculate the transient rod fired position to obtain the desired reactivity insertions. One pulse will be fired for each reactivity step. A second pulse will be fired for one of the steps to provide an indication of the reproducibility of the measurements. The signal from the gamma ion chamber is sampled at one millisecond intervals and stored in the TestLab. The TestLab internal program calculates the information needed for the reactor log and records two channels of power-level data derived from the gamma-ray dose from the reactor core. The first channel, labeled "pulsetrace", records the full pulse. The second, labeled "pulserise", uses a smaller range and thus records the early part of the pulse most useful for reactor period measurements. In both cases the raw data is normalized such that the output is in MW. 

Rectangular Pulse. Processes sometimes are subjected to a sudden step change that then returns to its original value. Suppose that a feed to a reactor is shut off for a certain period of time or a natural-gas-fired furnace experiences a brief interruption in fuel gas. We might approximate this type of input change as a rectangular pulse ... 

The overall agonist pulse occurs in the interval 0 - Tj, with a more complex behavior than the pulse described earlier. We view the overall pulse process as the intention of the system, which is limited by its physical capabilities. The start of the pulse occurs with an exponential rise from the initial firing rate, Fgo> to peak magnitude, Fpi, with a time constant Xp i. At Ti, the input decays to F,2, with a time constant Tg 2- Thfi slide occurs at Tj, with a time constant to Fg the force necessary to hold the eye at its destination. The input F is applied during the step portion of the input. 

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