Finishing process overview

Alkanesulfonates prove important auxiliaries in the textile and leather industries, both for manufacture of (synthetic) fibers and for textile refinement. Surfactants are also important for finishing of textiles, e.g., ensuring antistatic properties. Some processing steps and the surfactants used are listed in Table 32. An interesting overview of surfactants in the textile industry has been published [96]. 

Various other biphasic solutions to the separation problem are considered in other chapters of this book, but an especially attractive alternative was introduced by Horvath and co-workers in 1994.[1] He coined the term catalysis in the fluorous biphase and the process uses the temperature dependent miscibility of fluorinated solvents (organic solvents in which most or all of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine atoms) with normal organic solvents, to provide a possible answer to the biphasic hydroformylation of long-chain alkenes. At temperatures close to the operating temperature of many catalytic reactions (60-120°C), the fluorous and organic solvents mix, but at temperatures near ambient they phase separate cleanly. Since that time, many other reactions have been demonstrated under fluorous biphasic conditions and these form the basis of this chapter. The subject has been comprehensively reviewed, [2-6] so this chapter gives an overview and finishes with some process considerations. 

Figure 6.1 Overview of a generalized downstream processing procedure employed to produce a finished-product (protein) biopharmaceutical. QC also plays a prominent role in downstream processing. Qualty control personnel collect product samples during/after each stage of processing. These samples are analysed to ensure that various in-process specifications are met. In this way, the production process is tightly controlled at each stage...

This chapter discusses the use of Raman spectroscopy for analysis of biofluids, specifically blood and urine. After a brief overview of the clinical motivations for analyzing biofluids, the benefits of optical approaches in general and Raman spectroscopy in particular are presented. The core of the chapter is a survey of equipment, data-processing, and calibration options for extracting concentration values from Raman spectra of biofluids or, in the in vivo cases, volumes that include biofluids. The chapter finishes with a discussion of fundamental limits on how accurately concentrations can be determined from Raman measurements and how closely current experiments approach that limit. 

Comments about the prestability and finished product stability profiles should be presented as an overview of the new product s chemical stability. This will support the anticipated shelf life of the formula and its ability to withstand the process shocks normally encountered during production scale-ups. The toxicity of the finished product should be discussed. This information ensures that a decision regarding the handling of the formula has been made based on generated data and experience. A draft or tentative material safety data sheet may be one route to disseminate this information. 

After sterile filtration of the formulated therapeutic and aseptic filling of vials, lyophilization is performed. Containing no added preservatives, the finished product is a sterile, non-pyrogenic, lyophilized preparation of concentrated rFVIII for intravenous use. An overview of basic rAHF-PFM processing is depicted in Fig. 3.4. 

Abstract Industrial filtration operations involving textile filter media are found in the production of countless items that we encounter in our everyday lives, and yet more operations are engaged in protecting the environment. The chapter attempts to provide a brief overview of the filtration mechanisms that are involved both in industrial dust collection and solid-liquid separation processes, and the equipment types that are engaged in each. The chapter also describes the types of textile filter media that are employed in the various operations, their component strengths and weaknesses, and some of the finishing treatments that are applied to enhance their efficiency. 

---