Films plane-parallel

Data given for film plane parallel to the magnetic field. 

The first paper about NiFe layers evaporated under an angle was pubHshed in the early 1960s (40). The films prepared this way are often called obHque-incidence or angle-of-incidence films. It was found that these kinds of films show an anisotropy whose strength depends on the angle of incidence of the atoms (a/ during deposition (Fig. 15). If is between 0 and 65 the anisotropy Hes parallel to the film plane and perpendicular to the incidence plane. 

For ultrathin epitaxial films (less than "100 A), Grazingincidence X-ray Diffraction (GrXD) is the preferred method and has been used to characterize monolayer films. Here the incidence angle is small ("0.5°) and the X rays penetrate only "100-200 A into the specimen (see below). The exit angle of the diffracted X rays is also small and structural information is obtained about (hkl) planes perpendicular to the specimen sur e. Thus, GIXD complements those methods where structural information is obtained about planes parallel to the surface (e.g., Bra -Brentano and DCD). 

To illustrate the relationship between the microscopic structure and experimentally accessible information, we compute pseudo-experimental solvation-force curves F h)/R [see Eq. (22)] as they would be determined in SEA experiments from computer-simulation data for T z [see Eqs. (93), (94), (97)]. Numerical values indicated by an asterisk are given in the customary dimensionless (i.e., reduced) units (see [33,75,78] for definitions in various model systems). Results are correlated with the microscopic structure of a thin film confined between plane parallel substrates separated by a distance = h. Here the focus is specifically on a simple fluid in which the interaction between a pair of film molecules is governed by the Lennard-Jones (12,6) potential [33,58,59,77,79-84]. A confined simple fluid serves as a suitable model for approximately spherical OMCTS molecules confined... 

Anionic diffusion in the oxidation of a convex surface creates a situation which is the reverse of that just described. The oxide is in tension along planes parallel to the surface and fracture may be expected to occur readily in perpendicular directions and starting from the gas/metal interface. Although very thin films may have resistance to fracture, thick films frequently acquire the morphology shown in Fig. 1.83. 

An ideal (classical) electrostatic capacitor consists of two plane-parallel metal plates having surface areas S and a mutual distance 5, the gap being filled with air or a dielectric layer (the latter variety often is called a film capacitor). When a capacitor is charged (by applying an electrostatic potential difference A / between the two plates), electrical charges +Q m electron deficit) and Q (an efectron excess), which are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, will accnmulate on the plates. The values of Q are proportional to the potential difference ... 

The conformation of polymer chains in an ultra-thin film has been an attractive subject in the field of polymer physics. The chain conformation has been extensively discussed theoretically and experimentally [6-11] however, the experimental technique to study an ultra-thin film is limited because it is difficult to obtain a signal from a specimen due to the low sample volume. The conformation of polymer chains in an ultra-thin film has been examined by small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and contradictory results have been reported. With decreasing film thickness, the radius of gyration, Rg, parallel to the film plane increases when the thickness is less than the unperturbed chain dimension in the bulk state [12-14]. On the other hand, Jones et al. reported that a polystyrene chain in an ultra-thin film takes a Gaussian conformation with a similar in-plane Rg to that in the bulk state [15, 16]. 

Electron microscopy easily yields structural images of cast bilayer films. Figure 6 shows a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the cross section of the bilayer film of CgAzoCioN+Br prepared by the simple casting of water solution. From the presence of well developed layers parallel to die film plane, it can be assumed that the cast film was composed from multiple highly oriented bilayers. 

It should be noted that for C6F13NC8 a remarkably anisotropic orientation of the chromophore in the film plane was observed in the polarized UV-vis. spectra at the normal incidence using the rays with electric vectors perpendicular and parallel to... 

Figure 29. For the latter case, it is considered that the semiconducting re-electron systems are separated by insulating hydrocarbon spacers, resulting in alternate thin layers of organic semiconductor and insulator in these monolayer assemblies. The direct current - voltage (I - V) characteristics were mea- sured for the multilayers H2Pc(R)8 and Cu-Pc(R)8 in directions perpendicular and parallel to the film plane. In both cases, the linear I - V relationships of Ohm s law were observed at low electric field and obtained DC conductivities are summarized in Table 3. The normal conductivity (ajJ were ca. 10 13 S cm-1, while the lateral ones p//) were 3.4 x 10-7 and 9.9 x 10 7 S cm 1 for films of the metal-free and copper Pc derivatives, respectively. The former (ojJ tended to decrease slightly with increase of Figure 29. Schematical illustration of the substituent alkyl chain length,...

We assume that the chains were oriented parallel to the film plane but the chain direction were distributed randomly in the film plane. In this case, the correction factor for the chain orientation, , is 3/8. Consequently, the xSx value of the PTV cast film was calculated to be 1.2 x 10 9 esu, which is comparable to that of the highly oriented vacuum-deposited polydiacetylene film at the resonance with the exciton absorption. 

Substrate transport through the film may be formally assimilated to membrane diffusion with a diffusion coefficient defined as12 Ds = Dch( 1 — 9)/pjort. In this equation, the effect of film structure on the transport process in taken into account in two ways. The factor 1—0 stands for the fact that in a plane parallel to the electrode surface and to the coating-solution interface, a fraction 9 of the surface area in made unavailable for linear diffusion (diffusion coefficient Dcj,) by the presence of the film. The tortuosity factor,, defined as the ratio between the average length of the channel and the film thickness, accounts for the fact that the substrate... 

The DNA-lipid cast film was stretched ca. three times in length (ca. 20 p.m thick) in the wet state, and X-ray diffraction patterns are shown in Fig. 7b. When the incident beam was irradiated parallel to the top edge of the stretched film, the circular reflection of 41 A was observed. When the beam was exposed parallel to the side edge and perpendicular to the film plane, the diffraction on the equator appeared as two spots of 41 A indicating a distance between the DNA-lipid strands and the diffraction on the meridian of 3.4 A. The distance between parallel stacked base-pairs was clearly observed [2-4]. These findings clearly show that DNA strands are ahgned... 

Fig. 6 Illustration of surface energy effects on the self-assembly of thin films of volume symmetric diblock copolymer (a). Sections b and c show surface-parallel block domains orientation that occur when one block preferentially wets the substrate. Symmetric wetting (b) occurs when the substrate and free surface favor interactions with one block B, which is more hydrophobic. Asymmetric wetting (c) occurs when blocks A and B are favored by the substrate and free surface, respectively. For some systems, a neutral substrate surface energy, which favors neither block, results in a self-assembled domains oriented perpendicular to the film plane (d). Lo is the equilibrium length-scale of pattern formation in the diblock system...

Figure 5.6. SAED patterns of EDT-TTF-COOH films grown on (a) NaCl(lOO), (b) KCl(lOO) and (c) KBr(lOO) substrates. The bright field images of the films corresponding to (d) NaCl(lOO), (e) KCl(lOO) and (f) KBr(lOO) substrates are shown after dissolution of the substrates in distilled water. Courtesy of Dr M. Brinkmann. (g) Structure of EDT-TTF-COOH projected along the u-axis and with the (021) plane parallel to the substrate. Note the herringbone distribution mentioned above.

Figure 6.44. Magnetization vs. temperature for a 100-bilayer LB film transferred with Mn+ with the measuring field applied parallel to the film plane, (a) Comparison of the data taken upon warming the film after cooling in zero applied field (ZFC) and cooling in a field of 1000 G (FC). For both cases, the measuring field is 100 G. (b) The difference in the FC and ZFC data showing a net magnetization below 11.5 0.5 K. M represents Reprinted with permission from Petruska et al, 2002. Copyright (2002) American Chemical Society.

---