Film forming processing

Regeneration. The regeneration process is the oldest of the film-forming processes and was used exclusively for the manufacture of... 

Even in a 50/50 clay/CaC03 combination (with the CaC03 having a lower dispersant demand for alkaline dispersant) the gloss could be improved through the additional use of AMP-95 indicating an excellent dispersion and film forming process (Table 2). 

Aromatic polyimides have many anisotropic imide rings and benzene rings, and they are easy to orient by a film-forming process. Molecular orientation in polyimide films causes in-plane/out-of-plane birefringence (AnJ. Russell et al. have reported the A/ / of conventional PMDA/ODA. On the other hand, spin-coated polyimide films just after preparation do not cause Ann, as noted in the... 

Most of the commonly used salts in nonaqueous systems comprise anions that are reactive and may be reduced at noble metal electrodes at low potentials. In the presence of cations such as Li+, salt anion reduction may precipitate insoluble surface species on the electrodes and thus become the dominant surface film forming process. The criteria chosen here for the reactivity of the various salt anions used are the onset potential of their reduction on noble metal electrodes and to what extent their reduction on the electrodes dominates the surface film chemistry. In this respect, the commonly used salt anions can be divided into three... 

Since about 1960, however, many different dispersions and bonded coatings have been commercially available. These are more convenient and generally cleaner to use, giving better control of the film-forming process and more predictable performance. As a result, the use of transfer for pre-coating bearing surfaces is now of little practical importance. 

Vecchio C, Fabiani F, Gazzaniga A. Use of colloidal silica as a separating agent in film forming processes performed with aqueous dispersion of acrylic resins. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1995 21(15) 1781-1787. 

JB Rawlings and I Chien. Gage control of sheet and film forming processes. AIChE J., 42(3) 753-766, 1996. 

The thin-film-forming process differs from the processes of gelation, aging, and drying described earlier for bulk gels (see Figure 1) in several fundamental ways (118) ... 

Compared to other thin-film-forming processes such as sputtering, evaporation, or chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sol-gel film formation has the advantage that both the composition and microstructure can be controlled on the molecular level. Thus, the films can be tailored for specific applications, for example, dense films for protective or optical applications and porous films for sensors or membranes. 

A latex used for coating applications and made from an acrylic phase and an alkyd phase contains surfactant particles that stabilize the phases after the film-forming process. Using STEM, the imaging of these surfactant molecules was carried out in order to understand the influence of the surfactant-polymer affinity on the surfactant location after film formation [59]. 

R. Lapasin, G. Torriano, S. Volpe nd. Vernice 29 (1975) no. 4, 2-19. (Thick-film paints based on chlorinated rubber and inert pigments - special aspects of anticorrosive properties and the film-forming process)... 

Figure 18.5 Rate-limiting processes in film formation (a) separation of film formation into water ev oration and particle deformation and compaction components, (b) effect of drying conditions on film formation. Bold dashed lines reference rates of processes in (a). Bold solid lines boundary of the limiting film-formation processes at low and high temperature. Light dashed lines possible shifts of film-forming process rates from the reference rates by, for example, plasticization of the latex particles and/or slowing of the water evaporation rate. Points A, B, C and D represent the MFTs resulting from these variations in conditions. (Reproduced with permission from Sperry et al. [53].)...

Furthermore, AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) studies have shown that during the film-forming process many conventional surfactants phase separate from the binder. When the surfactant has phase separated, the water flux may carry it to the film surface. Alternatively, it may accumulate in the interstices between... 

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