Film formation technology

Z. W. Wicks, Jr., Film Formation Eederation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Blue BeU, Pa., 1986. 

Other studies reached similar results for chitosan citrate and other salts. For instance, Yao et al. exposed to 65 °C a chitosan lactate solution for film formation and then heated it at 85 °C and 5-10 mmHg for 3 hr, to obtain amide linkages [47,227]. This is just an extension of existing technology for cotton fabrics to the area of chitosan chemistry in fact, a number of polycarboxylic acids have been used as cross-linking agents by Yang and Andrews [228]. 

Apparently, the formation of the microporous structure within the PVdF—HFP copolymer was of critical importance to the success of Bellcore technology, and the ion conductivity was proportional to the uptake of the liquid electrolyte. To achieve the desired porosity of PVdF film, Bellcore researchers prepared the initial polymer blend of PVdF with a plasticizer dibutylphthalate (DBP), which was then extracted by low boiling solvents after film formation. Thus, a pore-memory would be left by the voids that were previously occupied by DBP. However, due to the incomplete dissolution of such high-melting DBP during the extraction process, the pore-memory could never be restored at 100% efficiency. Beside the total volume of pores thus created by the plasticizer. 

Provder, T. 2006. Film Formation, Process, and Morphology. Oxford University Press, New York. Rudin, A. 1998. Elements of Polymer Science and Technology, 2nd ed. Academic, Orlando, EL. Shibaev, V. and Lam, L. 1993. Liquid Crystalline and Mesomorphic Polymers. Springer, New York. Sinha, R. 2002. Outlines of Polymer Technology Manufacture of Polymers and Processing Polymers. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Clifts, NJ. 

Solid urethane and polyester acrylates may be used as main components of radiation curable powders. Together with suitable unsaturated polyesters, powders are formed, which give low-film-flow temperatures and allow separating of film formation from curing. This technology has been used successfully in powder coating of wood and plastics. ... 

Sol-gel technology - [ALUMINUMCOMPOUNDS - ALUMINIUMOXIDE(ALUMINA) - ACTIVATED] (Vol 2) - [SOL-GEL TECHNOLOGY] (Vol 22) -hydrolysis of tetraalkoxysilanes [SILICON COMPOUNDS - SILICONESTERS] (Vol 22) -for thin films [IHIN FILMS - FILM FORMATION TECHNIQUES] (Vol 23) -htanates for [TITANIUM COMPOUNDS - ORGANIC] (Vol 24) -for vitreous silica [SILICA - VITREOUS SILICA] (Vol 21)... 

Bolhuis, G. K., and Holzer, A. W., Lubricant sensitivity. VIII. Effect of third components on the film formation of lubricants. In Alberborn G, Nystrom C Eds. Pharmaceutical Powder Compactation Technology, New York Marcel Dekker 1996, pp 550-555. 

Because acoustic wave devices are sensitive and respond rapidly, they are ideally suited for real-time monitoring of chemical and physical systems. As discussed in the introduction to this chapter, thin films represent a growing industrial and technological concern for a variety of applications. The use of acoustic devices to characterize the physical properties of these films has been dealt with in the previous sections. Here we describe how these devices can be used to monitor film formation or dissolution processes, or to observe and characterize film properties as a function of time (similar to the monitoring of diffusion in polymers described in Section 4.2.2). 

---