Fillers influence

The stoppers for vials contain a certain amount of water, which depends on the composition of the stoppers. De Grazio and Flynn [1.86] showed, that the selection of the polymer, the additives for the vulcanization, and the filler influence the adsorption and desorption of water. However even the best possible mixture increases the RM in 215 mg sucrose from 1.95 % to 2.65 % during 3 months storage time at room temperature. Other stopper mixtures show an increase up to 1.7 %. Pikal and Shah [1.87] demonstrated, that the desorption of water from the stopper and the absorption of water by the product depends, in the equilibrium state, on the mass and water content of the stopper and the water content and sorption behavior of the dry product. 

The analysis of smoke and soot formation from polymers during combustion has been extensively studied 50,51 however, less is understood on how hydrated fillers influence this mechanism. It is likely that smoke reduction results from the deposition of carbon onto the high surface area oxide surface, produced on the decomposition of the filler.38 The volatilization of carbonaceous residue as carbon oxides then occurs, reducing obscuration effects from the smoke. 

Fillers influence the performance of semi-permeable membranes. Semi-permeable membranes were obtained by stretching a highly filled film. " In another application, zeolites were used to obtain polymer membranes used in gas... 

Compressive strength depends on the stiffness of the material, thus, all of the parameters which affect stiffness, including the effect of fillers, influence compressive strength. > > 2.95,128-9 following equation associates compressive strength with other mechanical properties ... 

Special considerations in conductive appheations, special conductive blacks must be employed fillers influence chemical degradation reactions in silox- zinc oxide was found to increase thermal resistance of... 

Khare, R.A., Kulkarni, A.R., Saroop, M., and Biswas, A. (2009) Blends of polypropylene and ethylene octene comonomer with conducting fillers influence of state of dispersion of conducting flllers on electrical conductivity. Polym. Bt g. Sci., 49, 1502. 

At present time methods of polymeric composite materials production, in which the filler is entered in polymer during synthesis, are widespread. Thus the filler influences not only on the kinetics of polymerizations or polycondensation, but also substantially defines the structure of polymer, and consequently, on the properties of a composite material. 

Fillers influence the whole spectrum of physical characteristics of a rubber, including hardness, strength, extensibility, heat build-up, vibration damping, electrical insulation or conductivity, colour, long-term ageing performance, permeability to fluids, swelling in and absorption of fluids, and adhesion to substrates. 

The effect of fillers on the resistance to change or deterioration in the presence of liquids is quite marked. Fillers influence the degree of swelling by replacement of polymers that swells by filler that does not, resulting in reduced swelling through reduction of the volume fraction of polymer in the compound. Some fillers are obviously not suited to specific applications, e.g., carbonate fillers decompose in the presence of acids. 

It was observed that the surface acidify of the fillers influences the bending and stretching vibrational frequencies of the water physically adsorbed on the filler surface [6, 14]. The conductivity of composite membranes and maximum power density of DMFCs at 145 °C appear to be related to the characteristics of the water adsorbed oti the filler particles [6,14]. Inorganic fillers characterized by acidic properties undergo a strong interaction with water and enhance the DMFC performance at high temperatures. The self-diffusimi coefficients of water and methanol have been determined over... 

The thermodynamic consideration of filler influence on the state of a melt of two polymers allows to propose the model of the structure of filled polymer mixture. 

Chapter 4 investigates the rheological and the dynamic mechanical properties of rubber nanocomposites filled with spherical nanoparticles, like POSS, titanium dioxide, and nanosilica. Here also the crucial parameter of interfacial interaction in nanocomposite systems under dynamic-mechanical conditions is discussed. After discussing about filled mono-matrix medium in the first three chapters, the next chapter gives information about the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of rubber-rubber blend composites and nanocomposites with fillers of different particle size. Here in Chap. 5 we can observe a wide discussion about the influence of filler geometry, distribution, size, and filler loading on the dynamic viscoelastic behavior. These specific surface area and the surface structural features of the fillers influence the Payne effect as well. The authors explain the addition of spherical or near-spherical filler particles always increase the level of both the linear and the nonlinear viscoelastic properties whereas the addition of high-aspect-ratio, fiberlike fillers increase the elasticity as well as the viscosity. 

Introduction of these definitions is veiy important to rmderstand the processes of reinforcement of pol3rmers, although they cannot be used for quantitative description of filler influence. The degree of this influence, as shown below, depends not only on the chemical nature of a fiUer but on its concentration in a polymer matrix. In such away, the same fiUer may be active in one polymer and inactive in another. The influence of a filler may be related to the change in properties per unit content of fiUer, which is another quantitative characteristic of filler. However, this assessment is very arbitrary, because the reinforcement is not linearly related to the fiUer concentration. Reinforcement can be related to the energy. A, used to rupture pol3rmer rmder standard conditions, as measured by the area rmder the stress-strain cruve ... 

The filler also influences the size distribution of the spherulites. Small additions of filler lead to a spherulite distribution which depends on the shape and size of the filler particles. With the presence of anisodiametric particles, the distribution is non-unifonn and exhibits two maxima. For any particular average size of spherulites, the character of the size distribution may vary. At the same time, high and low concentrations of fillers influence the supermolecular structure in different ways. 

Two mechanisms of the phase separation of binary mixtures of any substances (including polymeric) are known nucleation and spinodal decomposition. Our task does not involve detailed examination of the phase separation mechanisms. When interphase phenomena in pol5Tneric composites are considered, however, these mechanisms are essential from two standpoints they govern the microphase structure of a polymer-pol5aner composite and the filler influence on the microphase structure and they also determine the mechanism of the formation of the interphase. 

Thus, for filled IPNs, the same effect of increased compatibility in the filler presence is observed, which is typical of alloys of linear polymers. These effects are connected with the filler influence both on the phase separation during system formation stage and on the reaction kinetics. 

The effect of fillers on the reaction of polymer formation was discussed in Chapter 4. It is evident that introducing a filler during IPN formation should also lead to its influence on the rates of the IPN formation. This influence should affect the possibility of microphase separation. This question was studied " for simultaneous semi-lPN based on a crosslinked polyurethane and linear PBMA. The ratio PU PBMA was 3 1, the ratio IPN flller was 60 40 and 80 20 by weight. It was established that the onset of auto-acceleration of the butyl methacrylate polymerization increases from 160 min without filler to 220 min in the presence of a filler (talc). After the onset of auto-acceleration, the reaction rate of butyl methacrylate pol5mierization decreases with the increase of amount of filler. The filler influence on the reaction kinetics was explained based on the so-called... 

Mineral filler influence on the photo-oxidation mechanism degradation of high density polyethylene. Part 11 Natural exposure test. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 83 (2004), p. 237-240... 

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