Filament defects

The copolyester Poly(3HB-co-3HV) was synthesized from the combined carbon sources of glucose and sodium propionate by a filamentation-defective mutant of Sphaerotilus natans, which is a typical filamentous bacterium often found in activated sludge. The 3-hydroxyvalerate content in the produced polymer increased with increasing concentrations of propionate. Cell growth and polyester synthesis were... 

The coin-tap test is a widely used teclinique on thin filament winded beams for detection of disbonded and delaminated areas. However, since the sensitivity of this teclinique depends not only on the operator but also on the thickness of the inspected component, the coin-tap testing technique is most sensitive to defects positioned near the surface of the laminate. Therefore, it was decided to constructed a new scaimer for automated ultrasonic inspection of filament winded beams. A complete test rig illustrated in figure 6 was constructed in order to reduce the scanning time. While the beam rotates the probe is moved from one end to the other of the beam. When the scarming is complete it is saved on diskette and can then be evaluated on a PC. The scanner is controlled by the P-scan system, which enables the results to be presented in three dimensions (Top, Side and End view). 

Nature In monitoring a moving threadhne, one criterion of quality would be the frequency of broken filaments. These can be identified as they occur through the threadhne by a broken-filament detector mounted adjacent to the threadhne. In this context, the random occurrences of broken filaments can be modeled by the Poisson distribution. This is called a Poisson process and corresponds to a probabilistic description of the frequency of defects or, in general, what are called arrivals at points on a continuous line or in time. Other examples include ... 

In Drosophila, Fat functions as a tumor suppressor gene and dachsous is involved in thorax, leg, and wing development. Several human and mouse homologs have been identified. FAT1 regulates actin filaments, and the Fail knockout leads to defects in glomerular slit formation [3]. 

On the one hand, the biochemical study of the neuro-pathological lesions led to the identification of their main molecular components. On the other hand, the study of rare, familial forms of Alzheimer s disease, frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson s disease led to the identification of gene defects that cause inherited variants of the different diseases. Remarkably, in these cases, the defective genes have been found to encode or increase the expression of the main components of the neuropathological lesions. It has therefore been established that the basis of the familial forms of these diseases is a toxic property conferred by mutations in the proteins that make up the filamentous lesions. A corollary of this insight is that a similar toxic property may also underlie the much more common, sporadic forms of the diseases. 

Lewy body filaments are made of a-synuclein. Shortly after the identification of the genetic defect responsible for Parkinson s disease in the Contursi kindred, Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the substantia nigra from patients with sporadic Parkinson s disease were shown to be strongly immunoreactive for a-synuclein [7] (Fig. 45-3). Subsequently, Lewy body filaments were found to be... 

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