Fibrosis distal

A condition of the lung characterized by abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis. 

COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is defined clinically as a chronic productive cough for at least 3 months in each of two consecutive years in a patient in whom other causes have been excluded.1 Emphysema is defined pathologically as the presence of permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosis.1 The major risk factor for both conditions is cigarette smoking, and many patients share characteristics of each condition. Therefore, new consensus guidelines have moved away from using these subsets and instead focus on chronic airflow limitation. 

Crohn s disease is granulomatous and in most cases it is a simultaneous disease of the ileum and colon. The primarily inflamed region is the distal ileum, and all intestinal layers are thickened. The mucosal surface is reddened, nodular, and cobblestone-Uke, with mnltiple linear ulcerations. The mucosal layer is thickened by inflammatory infiltrate, the submucosa and serosa by fibrosis, and the serosa by hypertrophy. Chronic nlcerative colitis is a systemic disease that starts at the rectum or the sigmoid colon and progresses proximally to involve the entire left side of the colon. The colonic crypts are the first sites of cell damage and death, and the disease primarily involves the mucosal layer of the intestine. 

Oosporein, which is produced primarily by Oospora colo-rans and Caetomium trilaterale, is observed in feed stuffs, cereals and peanuts. It has been reported to be toxic in poultry resulting in nephrotoxicity, and visceral and articular gout. The pathological observations in oosporein toxicity include necrosis of the tubular epithelial cells in the proximal tubules with basophilic casts, hyaline casts in the distal tubules with fibrosis and interstitial pyogranuloma-tous inflammation, urate deposits in various tissues, and proventricular enlargement with mucosal necrosis (Pegram and Wyatt, 1981 Brown et al, 1987). 

A case of colonic perforation was described in 1990, but the patient concerned was suffering from the distal intestinal syndrome of cystic fibrosis and may have been at particular risk (SEDA-16, 428). 

M (discrete and inconstant lesions - tubular nephritis enlargement atrophy inflammatory fibrosis dilatated Henle s loop, distal convoluted tubules hyaline casts)... 

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