Fiber research

Current Areas for High Performance Carbon Fiber Research... 

The Institute for Fiber Research, established in 1920 and directed by R. 0. Herzog, was one such organization. 

Figure 5. X-Ray diffraction apparatus in the Fiber Research Institute.

Mark s inclination based on his research at the Fiber Research Institute was that "colloidal" substances such as cellulose and rubber were of high molecular weight. Work began with this cornerstone concept. In the beginning research was mostly concerned with testing viscose and cellulose acetate fibers. Before long a great deal of research was conducted on materials subsequently called addition polymers. 

In 1926 Staudinger was totally involved in defending his ideas regarding the macromolecule. On the other hand, Mark, at the Fiber Research Institute in Dahlem, was riding the crest of acclaim as an outstanding crystallographer and expert in molecular structure. The two were requested to present papers by R. Willstaetter at a special symposium of the "Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Arzte". 

Essentially, then, no new, large-volume, highly profitable fibers have been developed since the mid-1950s. Instead, the existing ones have become commodities with all the economic impact thereby implied. No major chemical engineering processes have been added, although the previously described ones have been modified to allow for spinning of liquid crystalline polymers or the formation of gel spun fibers. Research activity has been reduced and centered essentially on modifications of fiber size, shape, and properties, and many variants now are successfully marketed. Production volumes have increased enormously for nylon, polyester, and polyolefin. 

Because Teflon is not soluble, it cannot be wet- or dry-spun, and because it is thermally unstable at its melting point of about 400°C, this combination would seem to pose an impossible problem for the production of fibers. Research into the fundamental characteristics of the polymer, however, revealed that the submicroscopic particles precipitated from the polymerization reaction were about 100 times as long as they were thick. 

Bioavailability from Environmental Media. Asbestos fibers are insoluble and are not absorbed in the usual sense after inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure. Most exposures occur either to fibers in air or water, so the effect of matrices such as soil or food are largely unknown. It is possible that adsorption of fibers onto other dust particles could influence the location of deposition in the lung, and might even influence the cellular response to the fibers. Research to determine if this occurs and is of biological significance would be helpful. 

The identification of textile fibers is a task frequently performed in a textile laboratory. The need to identify fibers arises in fibers research as well as during fabric production and processing. The identification of an unknown fiber in a yam... 

Rheology (the study of deformation and flow of materials) provides the fundamental understanding needed to develop technologies for processing macromolecular materials to fabricate coatings, films, molded objects, and fibers. Research efforts strive to correlate macromolecular structure with viscosity (melt and solution) and modulus (stiffness) as a function of frequency and temperature. Polymer physics and molecular modeling of macromolecular structure and diffusion are fundamental to advances in this field. 

Peracetic acid was the first peracid studied extensively in keratin fiber research. This highly reactive species ultimately became the vehicle used in the well-known keratose method by Alexander and Earland used to isolate keratose fractions of keratin fibers and described here in Chapter 1. 

Haber s Institute was located in the prosperous Berlin suburb of Dahlem in a campus—like setting together with other K. W. institutes devoted to biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, silicate and fiber research. It was one of the most famous and most generously endowed research centers in the world. The Institute had modern equipment, workshops, a library, access to a luxurious clubhouse and even two tennis courts. It served as the focal point for seminars and meetings on physical chemistry in which Fritz Haber, the winner of the 1918 Nobel prize was the undisputed leader. 

Cotton.", Shirley Institute Pamphlet No. 93. The Cotton Silk and Man-Made Fibers Research Association, Manchester,... 

In recent years, tremendous progress has been made by researchers from the Institute for Man-made Fiber Research, Denkendorf, the Fraunhofer lAP, and Zimmer AG. A new patented carbamate technology, Carbacell, has been developed [80], The mains steps of this process involve the following [89] ... 

Fiber Research Development Group 1, Technical Research Center, Kuraray Co., Ltd. 

Bedeloglu A. Progress in organic photovoltaic fibers research. Intech Open Access... 

Wilson PI (1971) Sisal, vol 2. In Hard fibers research series No. 6. FAO, Rome... 

For the above polymers, DuPont launched the commercial production of high-strength and high-modulus Kevlar libers and the Akzo Nobel corporation began production of Twaron libers. In the former, USSR scientists from the Fiber Research Instimte (Khimvolokno) synthesized high-modulus Terlon and Vmivlon fibers by fiber spinning from lyotropic solutions of aromatic copolyamides. Some mechanical properties of aromatic amides produced by different companies are presented in Table 4. °... 

For completeness, after discussing the histories of carbon fibers derived from cellulose, PAN, and pitch, the category of "other precursors" should be covered. The tremendous activity in carbon fiber research and development is reflected in the large number of precursors which have been converted into carbon fibers. Besides the "big three", the list [34] includes phenolic polymers, phenol formaldehyde resin, furan resins [35], polyacenaphthalene, polyacrylether, polyamide, polyphenylene, polyacetylene, polyimide, polybenzimidazole, polybenzimidazonium salt, polytriazoles, modified... 

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