Hydrogen sensors, fiber optic

R. D. Smith II, Ping Liu, Se-Hee Lee, C. Edwin Tracy and J. Roland Pitts, "Low-cost Fiber Optic Hydrogen Sensors", to be presented at the 224th ACS National Meeting, Boston, MA, August 18-22, 2002. 

Fig. 2.36 Schematic of fiber-optic hydrogen sensor [Idea from Benson et al. (1998), Pitts (2002), Smith et al. (2004)]...

Jakubik WP, Urbanczyk MW, Kochowski S, Bodzenta J (2003) Palladium and phthalocyanine bilayer films for hydrogen detection in a surface acoustic wave sensor system. Sens Actuators B 96 321-328 Jung CC, Saaski EW, McCrae DA (1998) Fiber optic hydrogen sensor. In Jung CC, Udd E (eds) Proceedings of the SPIE, Fourth Pacific Northwest Fiber Optic Sensor Workshop, vol 3489, pp 9-15 Kashyap R, Nemova G (2009) Surface plasmon resonance-based fiber and planar waveguide sensors. J Sensors 2009 645162... 

Miura N (1991) New-type calorimetric gas sensor using temperature characteristics of piezoelectric quartz crystal fitted with noble metal catalyst film. Sens Actuators B 5 211-217 Monz6n-Hemdndez D, Luna-Moreno D, Martfnez-Escobar D (2009) Fast response fiber optic hydrogen sensor based on palladium and gold nano-layers. Sens Actuators B 136 562-566 Mueller WM, Blackledge IP, Libowitz GG (1968) Metal hydrides. Academic, New York, NY Noh J-S, Lee JM, Lee W (2011) Low-dimensional palladium nanostmctures for fast and rehable hydrogen gas detection. Sensors 11 825-851... 

Smith RD11, Liu P, Lee SH, Tracy CE, Pitts JR (2002) Low-cost fiber optic hydrogen sensors. Fuel Chem Div Preprints 47 825-827... 

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of a Pd-coated fiber-optic hydrogen sensor (Butler, 1984).

Cardoso AA, Liu H, Dasgupta PK. 1997. Fluorometric fiber optic drop sensor for atmospheric hydrogen sulfide. Talanta 44 1099-1106. 

The thin film fiber optic reflective sensor based on palladium catalyzed W03 appears to work well for detecting hydrogen, but its response time is too slow for critical applications. The sensitivity and speed of hydrogen detection can be enhanced by using the sensor film in a SPR configuration. However, in such a configuration the rapid desorption of water vapor can lead to a false indication of hydrogen whenever the sensor is exposed to a dry... 

Figure 9. Hydrogen response data as a function of time after quenching for gas metal arc welded ASTM A36 steel (0.1% H2/Ar shielding gas) using prototype fiber optic weld sensor.

Figure 11. Experimental hydrogen response curves for prototype fiber optic weld sensor (gas metal arc welded HSLA 100 steel)...

In 1976, Peterson et al. [20] originated the development of the first fiber optic chemical sensor for physiological pH measurement. The basic idea was to contain a reversible color-changing indicator at the end of a pair of optical fibers. The indicator, phenol red, was covalently bound to a hydrophilic polymer in the form of water-permeable microbeads. This technique stabilized the indicator concentration. The indicator beads were contained in a sealed hydrogen-ion-permeable envelope made out of a hollow cellulose tubing. In effect, this formed a miniature spectrophotometric cell at the end of the fibers and represented an early prototype of a fiber optic chemical sensor. 

Korotcenkov G, Han 8-D, 8tetter JR (2009) Review of electrochemical hydrogen sensors. Chem Rev 109(3) 1402-1433 Korotcenkov G, Cho BK, Narayanaswamy R, Sevilla F III (2011) Optical and fiber optic chemical sensors. In Korotcenkov G (ed) Chemical sensors comprehensive sensor technologies, vol 5, Electrochemical and optical sensors. Momentum Press, New York, pp 311-476... 

C. Ion sensing. Several different schemes can be applied to fiber-optic chemical sensors for detecting ions other than hydrogen. One approach is to design a system, similar to pH fiber-optic chemical sensors, in which a dye that selectively binds a metal ion of interest is immobilized in an ion-permeable polymer such as cellulose or a hydrogel at the tip of an optical fiber. The reaction between the dye and the ion changes the absorbance or fluorescence of such dyes. Absorbance or fluorescence intensity changes are measured as a function of ion concentration, but this... 

Resonant photoacoustic gas spectrometry was adapted to fiber optic sensor technology32 as early as in 1984. A Mach-Zehnder arrangement was combined with a resonant photoacoustic cell for gap analysis. The pollutant gas NO2 was detectable in a concentration of 0.5 ppm. In a smart optical fiber hydrogen sensor, the fiber is coated with palladium metal which expands on exposure to hydrogen. This changes the effective optical path length of the fiber, which is detected by interferometry33. 

Butler M.A., Optical fiber hydrogen sensor, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1984 45 1007. 

Butler, M.A., Fiber optic sensor for hydrogen concentrations near the explosive limit, Journal of Electrochemical Society, 46(138), L46,1991. 

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