Fertilizers cadmium

Smilde, K.W., van Luit, B., 1983. The effect of phosphate fertilizer cadmium on cadmium in soils and crops. Inst. Bodemvruchtbaarheid, Rapp. No. 6-83. 

Fluorides and dust are emitted to the air from the fertilizer plant. All aspects of phosphate rock processing and finished product handling generate dust, from grinders and pulverizers, pneumatic conveyors, and screens. The mixer/reactors and dens produce fumes that contain silicon tetrafluoride and hydrogen fluoride. A sulfuric acid plant has two principal air emissions sulfur dioxide and acid mist. If pyrite ore is roasted, there will also be particulates in air emissions that may contain heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, and lead. 

Acetylene works Acrylates works Aldehyde works Aluminum works Amines works Ammonia works Anhydride works Arsenic works Asbestos works Benzene works Beryllium works Bisulfate works Bromine works Cadmium works Carbon disulfide works Carbonyl works Caustic soda works Cement works Ceramic works Chemical fertilizer works Chlorine works Chromium works Copper works Di-isocyanate works Electricity works Fiber works Fluorine works Gas liquor works Gas and coke works Hydrochloric acid works Hydrofluoric acid works Hydrogen cyanide works Incineration works Iron works and steel works... 

Gennart J-P, Buchet J-P, Roels H, et al. 1992b. Fertility of male workers exposed to cadmium, lead or manganese. Am J Epidemiol 135 1208-1219. 

The view at Cadmium changed with time starting from a valuable resource and ending up as a toxic element with a limited number of applications not substituted by alternative products. The decontamination of the technosphere works to a certain extent. Due to the character of Cd as trace contamination of phosphate fertilizers and of Zn ores and fossil fuels, there is no final solution for the environmental contamination. Due to the restrictions issued in many countries, there is reason to fear that Cd could end up in unknown material streams. From an analysis of the refining of Zn ores in 2002, it has been concluded that about one quarter of Cd generated as by-product ( 7,000-8,000 Mg) could not be found either in the products analyzed or in the emissions from the process [27]. 

Most trace metals may be precipitated with phosphate into insoluble metal phosphates (Table 7.5). Most metal phosphates have low solubility. High localization of phosphates reduces the bioavailability of Zn in arid soils. The banded application of P near the seeds depresses Zn uptake by com (Adriano and Murphy, 1970 Grant and Bailey, 1993), causing Zn deficiency. However, both N and P fertilizers increase Cd concentration in plants. Cadmium and Zn are antagonistic in root uptake and distribution within plants. 

Jiao Y., Bailey L.D., Grant C.A. Effects of phosphorus and zinc fertilizer on cadmium uptake and distribution in flax and durum wheat. J Sci Food Agri 2004 84 777-785. 

Lee K.W., Keeney D.R. Cadmium and zinc additions to Wisconsin soils by commercial fertilizers and wastewater sludge application. Water Air Soil Pollut 1975 5 109-112. 

Mortvedt J.J., Cadmium levels in soils and plants from some long-term soil fertility experiments in the United States of America. J Environ Qual 1987 16 137-142. 

Mortvedt J.J., Mays D.A., Osborn G. Uptake by wheat of cadmium and other heavy metal contaminants in phosphate fertilizers. J Environ Qual 1981 10 193-197. 

Wakefield Z.T. Distribution of Cadmium and Selected Heavy Metals in Phosphate Fertilizer Processing (Bulletin Y-159), National Fertilizer Development Center, TVA, 1980. 

Small amounts of cadmium enter the environment from the natural weathering of minerals, but most is released as a result of human activities such as mining, smelting, fuel combustion, disposal of metal-containing products, and application of phosphate fertilizers or sewage sludges (USPHS 1993). In 1988, an estimated 306,000 kg of cadmium entered the domestic environment as a result... 

Similar to other batteries and accumulators, the burying of cadmium batteries is a very great problem in every country, and Cd seepage from landfills and waste sites (in addition to fertilizers) is responsible for soil and water pollution and environmental risks to human and ecosystem health. The same is true for lead and mercury. 

The metals of most concern are the heavy metals, especially cadmium, lead, and mercury. Although it is a metalloid with characteristics of both metals and nonmetals, arsenic is commonly classified as a heavy metal for a discussion of its toxicity. Though not particularly toxic, zinc is abundant and may reach toxic levels in some cases. For example, zinc accumulates in sewage sludge and crop productivity has been lowered on land fertilized with sludge because of zinc accumulation. Copper may be toxic to plants. Aluminum, a natural constituent of soil, may be leached from soil by polluted acidic rainwater and reach levels that are toxic to plants. Other metals that may be of concern because of their toxicides include chromium, cobalt, iron, nickel, and vanadium. Radium, a radioactive alpha particle-emitting metal, can be very toxic at even very low levels in water or food. 

Cadmium is a heavy metal with similar chemical properties to zinc, but is much less common in the environment than zinc. Cadmium occurs in igneous rocks and some sedimentary rocks, and is generally associated with zinc ore minerals like sphalerite, and with a range of copper ore minerals. Traces of cadmium are often present in artificial fertilizers, and this heavy metal may accumulate in soils in areas that have been used for agriculture for long periods. 

Benzidine and cadmium dyes Beryllium and compounds Chromium pigments Fertilizers and pesticides Organic solvents... 

Golub, M.S. (2006b). Reproductive toxicity of mercury, arsenic and cadmium. In Metals, Fertility and Reproductive Toxicity (M.S. Golub, ed.), pp. 6-22. CRC Press/Taylor Francis Group, LLC, Boca Raton. 

---