Fenfluramine methamphetamine

Bogusz, M.J. Kruger, K.-D. Maier, R.-D. Analysis ofunderivatized amphetamines and related phenethy-lamines with high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry, J.Anal.ToxicoL, 2000, 24, 77-84. [SPE LCD 1-5 ng/mL amphetamine fenfluramine methamphetamine phentermine cathinone propylhexedrine ephedrine phenylpropanolamine norfenfluramine phenylethylamine]... 

The behavioral effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA, p-chloroamphetamine, and fenfluramine are not identical. Except for the last drug, all can cause some degree of behavioral stimulation, but exact behavioral effects differ markedly. More complete definition of their behavioral differences is a prerequisite to a better understanding of the mechanism(s) of these drugs. 

Further investigation of the possibility that inhibitors of the serotonin uptake carrier protect against serotonin depletion by /r-chloroamphetamine, fenfluramine, MDMA, MDA, and methamphetamine because they prevent the accumulation of those drugs within serotonin nerve terminals is warranted, but at present compelling evidence for this mechanism does not exist. 

Rats that have lost dopamine and/or serotonin terminals following treatment with amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA, / -chloroamphetamine, or fenfluramine show little in the way of overt ehanges in appearanee or behavior. Dr. Rieaurte (this volume) emphasized the need for more studies in primates, since MPTP-treated miee also show little in the way of observable functional changes, whereas MPTP-treated monkeys show marked neurologie deficits. It may be neeessary to do more detailed analysis of speeifie behaviors and other funetional outputs that are influeneed by dopamine and/or serotonin neurons, to detect functional deficits induced by some neurotoxic drugs. For instance, specific behaviors sueh as appetite-eontrolled behavior (Leibowitz and Shor-Posner 1986), murieidal behavior (Katz 1980), and sexual behavior (Tucker and File 1983) elieited by drugs... 

Berger, U.V., Gu, X.F., Azmitia, E.C. The substituted amphetamines 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphet-amine, methamphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine induce 5-hydroxytryptamine release via a common mechanism blocked by fluoxetine and cocaine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 215 153, 1992. 

Doxapram Nikethamide Pentylenetetrazol Strychnine Picrotoxin Bicuculline Amphetamine Methamphetamine Methylphenidate Pemoline Ephedrine Phentermine Fenfluramine Phenylpropanolamine Caffeine Theophylline Theobromine... 

Series HG, Cowen PJ, Sharp T. p-Chloroaruphctaminc (PCA), 3,4-methylene-dioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and -fenfluramine pretreatment attenuates d-fenfluramine-evoked release of 5-HT in vivo. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994 116 508-514. 

False neurotransmitters. A number of substances, in some cases structurally related to the biogenic amines, are considered to act as false neurotransmitters and GC-MS methods have been applied to their detection. Thus, p-hydroxynorephedrine, a metabolite of (-l-)-amphetamine, can apparently replace noradrenaline and be taken up and released by a similar mechanism to that involved for the catecholamine. A quantitative SIM assay for this metabolite (as the pentafluoropropionyl derivative) has been used in studies of its formation and localisation in brain regions of the rat [473]. Similar methods have been applied to the detection in neural tissue of the N-dealkylated metabolites of methamphetamine, which depletes brain noradrenaline and fenfluramine which depletes serotonin [474]. 

Anorectic drugs, appetite suppressants, are also found in diet pills such as fenfluramine (or fen-phen), phenter-mine, diethylproprion, and mazindol. Perhaps the most hazardous ingredient commonly found in diet pills until a few years ago was ephedrine. Ephedrine is more commonly known as one of the precursor chemicals needed to manufacture methamphetamine. 

Simultaneous acetylcodeine, amphetamine, benzphetamine, benzylmorphine, bromo-STP, buprenorphine, chlorphentermine, codeine, codeine-N-oxide, dextromoramide, dextropro-poxyphene, diamorphine, diethylpropion, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dimethylam-phetamine, dipipanone, ephedrine, epinephrine, ethoheptazine, ethylmorphine, etorphine, fencamfamin, fenfluramine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, 4-hydroxyamphetamine, levorphanol, mazindol, meperidine, mephentermine, mescaline, methadone, methamphetamine, meth-ylenediojQramphetamine, methylephedrine, monoacetylmorphine, morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, morphine-N-oxide, naloxone, norcodeine, norlevorphanol, normetanephrine, normethadone, normorphine, norpethidine, norpseudoephedrine, noscapine, o codone, papaverine, pemoline, pentazocine, 2-phenethylamine, phenoperidine, phentermine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, pholcodeine, pipradol, piritramide, prolintane, pseudoephedrine, STP, thebacon, thebaine, trimethoxyamphetamine, tyramine... 

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