Fenestration

MEC 1995 All Buildings Window provisions added to reference National Fenestration Rating Council. 

Frost, K. Ai asteh, D. and Eto, J. (1993). Savings from Energy-Efficient Windows Current and future Savings from New Fenestration Technologies in the Residential Market. Berkeley, CA Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratoiy. 

Kim, J. J. Papamichael, K. Selkowitz, S. Spitzglas, M. and Modest, M. (1986). Determining Daylight Illuminance in Rooms Having Complex Fenestration Systems. International Daylightiiig Conference Proceedings 2 219. 

Lampert, C. M., and Ma, Y. (1992). Fenestration 2000 Advanced Glazings Materials Study. St. I lelens, UK Pilkmgton Glass. 

Papamichael, K. Klems, J. and Selkowitz, S. (1988). Determination and Application of Bidirectional Solar-Optical Properties of Fenestration Systems. Proceedings of the 13th National Passive Solar Conference, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Sullivan, R. Chin, B. Arasteh, D. and Selkowitz, S. (1991). RESFEN A Residential Fenestration Pertormance Design Tool. ASllUAE Transactions 98(1). 

Connective tissue, muscle (skeletal and smooth), heart, pancreas, brain, lung, gonads, mesentery Discontinuous endothelium Fenestrated... 

Like the walls of other capillaries, the glomerular capillary wall consists of a single layer of endothelial cells. However, these cells are specialized in that they are fenestrated. The presence of large pores in these capillaries makes them 100 times more permeable than the typical capillary. These pores are too small, however, to permit the passage of blood cells through them. 

Schmidley JW, Wissig SL. Anionic sites on the luminal surface of fenestrated and continuous capillaries of the CNS. Brain Res 1986 363 265-271. 

FIGURE 1-6 A portion of a Golgi apparatus. The smooth-mem-braned cisternae appear beaded. The many circular profiles represent tangentially sectioned fenestrations and alveolate vesicles (primary lysosomes). Two of the latter can be seen budding from Golgi saccules (arrows). Mitochondria and a dense body (secondary lysosomes) are also present. x60,000. 

Somljo It is within the measurement errors. There is a fenestration of the SR sheet, and sticking out come the caveolae. No one has really measured accurately this distance, or the distance between the caveolae and SR on top. The surface coupling space is pretty consistent. With regard to what is different in smooth muscle, if you are talking about the SR at the junction having Ca-ATPase or not, we don t know. What we do know from freeze-fracture studies of striated muscle is that the Ca-ATPase does not seem to be at the SR terminal cisternae. We don t know the answer in smooth muscle, but if there is Ca-ATPase at the junctional surface itself, this is different from what one sees in striated muscle. 

FIG. 3. Extensive SR network stained with osmium ferricyanide in a smooth muscle cell of the rabbit pulmonary artery. Note the variable morphology of the network with tubules, fenestrated sheets seen enface (small arrows) or stacks of fenestrated sheets (large arrow) as well as surface couplings where the SR apposes the plasma membrane. M, mitochondria. (From Nixon et al... 

The blood-brain barrier forms the interface between the bloodstream and the brain parenchyma and thus controls the passage of endogenous substances and xenobiotics into and out of the central nervous system. Brain microvessels exhibit a variety of unique structural features, such as an extremely tight endothelium without fenestration, a very low rate of pinocytosis, tight junctions between endothelial cells excluding paracellular permeability, and a series of polarized transport proteins. The following chapter describes the structural and functional characteristics of the blood-brain barrier with emphasis on transport proteins, as well as in vitro techniques, which allow studying this complex barrier in the brain. 

The blood-brain barrier is markedly different from peripheral capillaries Peripheral capillaries are fenestrated with openings up to 50 nm wide. In contrast, cerebral endothelial cells are closely connected by tight junctions and zonulae occludentes, resulting in extremely high transendothelial resistances of up to 1500-2000 12 cm2 [16] (Figure 17.1). The capillaries are surrounded by a basal membrane enclosing intermittently pericytes, which have been postulated to be involved in host defense. The outer surface of the basement membrane is covered by astrocytic foot processes. Most likely, secretion of soluble growth factors by astrocytes plays an important role in endothelial cell differentiation. 

Hepatocytes make up 60-70% of the total number of liver cells. They have a well-organized intracellular structure with huge numbers of cell organelles to maintain the high metabolic profile. At the apical side or canalicular membrane the cell is specialized for the secretion of bile components. There are several ATP-dependent transport carriers located on this side of the membrane, which transport bile salts, lipids and xenobiotics into the canaliculus. On the sinusoidal side, the cells specialize in uptake and secretion of a wide variety of components. To increase the surface of the membrane for this exchange with the bloodstream, the sinusoidal domain of the membrane is equipped with irregular microvilli. The microvilli are embedded into the fluid and matrix components of the space of Disse and are in close contact with the sinusoidal blood because of the discontinuous and fenestrated SECs. To facilitate its metabolic functions numerous membrane transport mechanisms and receptors are situated in the membrane. 

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