Fault extraction

S.I. Pedersen, T. Skov, T. Randen and L. Spnneland (2004) Automatic fault extraction using artificial ants. This volume. 

Automatic Fault Extraction Using Artificial Ants... 

Extraction of surfaces from fault attributes is nontrivial due to the noisy nature of these attributes. The surfaces usually appear more like trends than well-defined, continuous surfaces. In the fault extraction step, only features that are continuous and likely to be faults are extracted. This is achieved by using the principles of swarm intelligence. 

Automated Grid and Fault Extraction, Seismic Facies Classification. The first requirement for building a reservoir model is to determine its extents and characteristics. 

EGSG Idaho s Idaho National Engineering Laboratory reviewed Licensee Event Reports (LERs), both qualitatively and quantitatively, to extract reliability information in support of the USNRC s effort to gather and analyze component failure data for U.S. commercial nuclear power plants. LERs describing failures or command faults (failure due to lack of needed input) for selected components have been analyzed in this program. Separate reports have been issued for batteries and battery chargers, control rods and drive mechanisms, diesel generators, ISC, Inverters, primary containment penetrations, protective relays and circuit breakers, pumps, and valves. 

A systematic analysis of a process signal over (1) different segments of its time record and (2) various ranges of frequency (or scale) can provide a local (in time) and multiscale hierarchical description of the signal. Such description is needed if an intelligent computer-aided tool is to be con--structed in order to (1) localize in time the step and spike from the equipment faults (Fig. 1), or the onset of change in sensor noise characteristics, and (2) extract the slow drift and the periodic load disturbance. 

The correct interpretation of measured process data is essential for the satisfactory execution of many computer-aided, intelligent decision support systems that modern processing plants require. In supervisory control, detection and diagnosis of faults, adaptive control, product quality control, and recovery from large operational deviations, determining the mapping from process trends to operational conditions is the pivotal task. Plant operators skilled in the extraction of real-time patterns of process data and the identification of distinguishing features in process trends, can form a mental model on the operational status and its anticipated evolution in time. 

This chapter provides a complementary perspective to that provided by Kramer and Mah (1994). Whereas they emphasize the statistical aspects of the three primary process monitoring tasks, data rectification, fault detection, and fault diagnosis, we focus on the theory, development, and performance of approaches that combine data analysis and data interpretation into an automated mechanism via feature extraction and label assignment. 

Presses with vacuum extraction fitted to extract gases from moulding cavities eliminate moulding faults arising from air entrapment, or gases generated during vulcanisation. These presses are... 

Student s t test statistics and t probability were calculated to quantify the contrast between anomalous and background populations in each extraction method data set (Student 1908 Stanley Noble 2008). Sample sites were designated anomalous based on the projection of mineralization and a fault zone in the cover rocks. For most methods, Zn... 

The main reserves of coal are located in deeper layers (700-1200 m for sub-bituminous coal at the Tkibuli-Shaori deposit), with few faults and depreciations, making extraction activities very difficult and expensive. Based on international experience coal cannot play a significant role in the formation of the country s energy balance over the foreseeable future. 

Planar faults are common in zeolites and related crystalline microporous solids. These can influence the sorptive characteristics in any one of several ways (i) they can have little influence on the overall accessibility or capacity, but alter the pore architecture, accessibility or difiusional constraints (ii) they can reduce the limiting dimensions of pore windows while leaving the tot pore volume unaffected (iii) they can block channels. Pores or pore access can also be blocked by detrital material such as alumina extracted from the framework, coke or sintered metal catalyst particles, immobile organic molecules or non-framework cations in blocking positions. 

A 1000 pCi/L Ra solution accumulates sufficient Rn in one day to permit a daily check on the performance of the instrument and Rn extraction line. By treating the standard in the same way as the unknown, faults in procedure and equipment are detected quickly. 

We wish to compare the valence band density of states (DOS) of f.c.c. and h.c.p. metals with and without stacking faults. We therefore adopt a mixture of the f.c.c. and h.c.p. structures as a representative of the stacking fault structure of either of these structures. To calculate the DOS we summed up the squares of the coefficients of molecular orbital wave functions and convoluted the summed squares with the Gaussian of full width 0.5 eV at half maximum. For these DOS calculations we chose the metals Mg, Ti, Co, Cu and Zn. The model clusters employed here for both the f.c.c. and the h.c.p. structures were made of 13 atoms i.e., a central atom and 12 equidistant neighbor atoms. These structures are shown in Fig. 1. We reproduced the typical electronic structures in bulk materials by extracting the molecular orbitals localized only on the central atom from all the molecular orbitals which contributed - those localized on ligand atoms as well as on the central atom. To perform calculations we take the symmetry of the cluster as C3, and the number... 

The oil shale in southwestern Montana occurs in structurally complex folded and faulted mountains. Mining and processing of large quantities of these shales would require difficult subsurface methods. Economical exploitation will depend upon the development of extraction technology that may require the recovery of the multiple resources of hydrocarbons, phosphorous, and the other metals. 

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