Fatty chain alcohols, surfactants derived

In the simplest case a surfactant is composed of an organic hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part (Fig. 3). In an alkyl sulfate the hydrophobic part is derived from a fatty alcohol and the sodium sulfate moiety as the hydrophilic counterpart. (Only small variations concerning the fatty chain are possible in this special kind of structure.)... 

The development of monoalkyl phosphate as a low skin irritating anionic surfactant is accented in a review with 30 references on monoalkyl phosphate salts, including surface-active properties, cutaneous effects, and applications to paste and liquid-type skin cleansers, and also phosphorylation reactions from the viewpoint of industrial production [26]. Amine salts of acrylate ester polymers, which are physiologically acceptable and useful as surfactants, are prepared by transesterification of alkyl acrylate polymers with 4-morpholinethanol or the alkanolamines and fatty alcohols or alkoxylated alkylphenols, and neutralizing with carboxylic or phosphoric acid. The polymer salt was used as an emulsifying agent for oils and waxes [70]. Preparation of pharmaceutical liposomes with surfactants derived from phosphoric acid is described in [279]. Lipid bilayer vesicles comprise an anionic or zwitterionic surfactant which when dispersed in H20 at a temperature above the phase transition temperature is in a micellar phase and a second lipid which is a single-chain fatty acid, fatty acid ester, or fatty alcohol which is in an emulsion phase, and cholesterol or a derivative. 

The most representative non-ionic surfactants are the alkyl (alcohol) ethoxylates. These are adducts of a long-chain alcohol (12—18) with a variable number of EO units (3-11). Other non-ionic surfactants are derived from carbohydrates (glucoside and glucamide derivatives), organosilicones, fatty alcohols, and amides. Products in this category are as follows (compare also Table 1.2) ... 

We Umit this section to a discussion of stereochemical studies that sought to demonstrate discriminating enantiomeric interactions in monolayers of simple surfactants having one hydrophobic chain of methylenes and, generally, a single chiral center. Work in this area includes derivatives of long chain fatty acids, alcohols, or esters whose chiral center is included in the methylene chain. 

Henkel makes alkyl polyglycoside surfactants from alcohols derived from coconut and palm oils, and glucose derived from cornstarch.277 The preparation can be done with /3-D-glucosidase.278 Sucrose monoesters of long-chain fatty acids can also be made enzymatically.279 A variety of biosurfactants are produced by various organisms that can be grown in culture.280... 

Eucarol AGE/EC, ET and SS ionic surfactants have been developed recently by Cesalpinia Chemicals for different applications, for example, cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes. These surfactants are anionic ester derivatives of alkylpolyglucosides they do not contain a polyoxyethylene chain, the hydrophilic moiety includes glucose units instead of ethylene oxide, and during their production no ethoxylation is carried out. They do not have an irritating effect as they are free from contaminating components such as dioxane consequently no irritating effect is expected. After the glucosidation of fatty alcohol, esterification proceeds in order to obtain anionic derivatives. On the basis of the favourable properties listed, they can be used for medicinal purposes. 

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