Fatty acid methyl esters properties

A phosphate-free detergent with excellent detergency and improved foaming and rinsing properties consists of 10% sodium a-sulfo hardened beef tallow fatty acid methyl ester, 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 5% a-sulfomyristic acid disodium salt, 10% zeolite, 10% sodium silicate, 10% sodium carbonate, 10% cellulose, 40% Flauber s salt, and 4% water [80]. 

Bioethanol is suitable for internal combustion engines that run on gasoline. Similarly, biodiesel is designed for diesel engines. Biodiesel is a fuel manufactured from various oils and fats. These acids are chemically transformed to fatty acid methyl esters. By blending the fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters in the right proportions, the properties of the fuel can be influenced [59] and potentially mimic the properties of petrochemically derived diesel. Biofuel efficiency generally is the same as for fossil-derived diesel fuel [59]. 

Cold properties of biodiesel are highly correlated to the fatty acid composition. Biodiesel with a high content of saturated fatty acids, such as that from palm oil and coconut oil, possesses poor cold flow properties. On the other hand, biodiesel with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids possesses better flow properties at lower temperatures. However, biodiesel from highly unsaturated fatty acids with more than two double bonds has combustion problems. Therefore, in some countries, the content of highly unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel is kept low (5). 

J. Kramer, R. Fouchard, et al., Difference in chromatographic properties of fused silica capillary columns, coated, crosslinked, bonded or crosslinked and bonded with polyethylene glycols (Carbowas 20 M) using complex fatty acid methyl ester mixtures, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 23 54-56 (1985). 

Dow also developed polyurethane foams from polyols via hydroformylation of fatty acids. The foams have properties which are comparable to foams from petrochemicals in terms of density and flexibility. The advantages of using sustainable feedstocks in viscoelastic foams are increased load bearings and tensile and tear properties [39, 40]. The hydroformylation and consecutive hydrogenation of fatty acids derived from seed oil can also be used to form low viscosity polyester polyols. Therefore, fatty acid methyl esters are transesterified with diols, e.g., glycol (Scheme 12). The polymer contains chemically active hydroxy groups which can be used for polyurethanes in coating applications [41]. 

Table 14.5 Properties of fatty acids, methyl esters and triglycerides [34].

Umehara, K. (1992) Washing behaviour of alpha-sulpho fatty acid methyl esters and their physico-chemical properties. Proceedings 3rd CESIO International Surfactants Congress, vol. D, pp. 234 2. 

High concentration of fatty acid methyl esters with the above properties has good combustion characteristics and good flow properties, including good low-temperature behavior. 

Fatty acid methyl esters and other esters of fatty acids and a lower alcohol can be added at a low ratio to most diesel fuels without substantially changing fuel characteristics. It has been reported that in blends containing 30 percent biodiesel, low-temperature flow properties are not greatly affected (12), but at higher blend levels, the properties of the methyl ester may affect the properties of the fuel. With few exceptions, pure biodiesel does not meet minimum low-temperature requirements and may exceed manufacturers maximum viscosity for diesel fuels. 

Sharma, B.K. K.M. Doll S.Z. Erhan. Oxidation, friction reducing, and low temperature properties of epoxy fatty acid methyl esters. Green Chem. 2007a, 9, 469-474. 

Palomo JM, Munoz G, Fernandez-Lorente G et al. (2003) Modification of Mucor miehei lipase properties via directed immobilization on different heterofunctional epoxy resins. Hydrolytic resolution of (R,S)-2-butyroyl-2-phenylacetic acid. J Mol Catal B Enzym 21 201-210 Palomo JM, Ortiz C, Fernandez-Lorente G et al. (2005) Lipase-lipase interaction as a new tool to immobilize and modulate the lipase properties. Enzyme Microb Technol 36 447-454 Park EY, Sato M, Kojima S (2006) Fatty acid methyl ester production using Upase-immobilizing silica particles with different particle sizes and different specific surface areas. Enzyme Microb Technol 39(4) 889-896... 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS. VI. VISCOSITY. 

Related materials have been used for other reactions such as the partial oxidation of methane (where the redox capacity is important) and the production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesel (where the acid/base properties of the catalysts are of value). 

Table 1 Comparison of properties for packed and capillary columns for analysis of fatty acid methyl esters by using a diethylene glycol succinate (DEGS) phase, at 180°C...

Figure 5.11 Partial gas chromatograms of total cyclic fatty acid methyl esters derived from linolenic acid using A, Cp-Wax 52CB (Chrompack UK Ltd, London) (25 m x 0.25 mm inner diameter, 0.20 pm film thickness) capillary column and an initial temperature of 160°C for 5 min followed by a programme at 0.5°C min to 180°C B, BPX70 (SGE, Milton Keynes, UK) (50 m X 0.22 mm, 0.25 pm) capillary column and an isothermal temperature of 160°C. Peaks are identified in Table 5.1. Redrawn from Dobson, G., Christie, W. W. and Sebedio, J.-L., Gas chromatographic properties of cyclic dienoic acids formed in heated linseed oil, J. Chromatogr.

To illustrate the recently discovered pathways to functional monomers, Meier and colleagues studied the synthesis of a long-chain diester from a (o-hydroxy fatty acid derived from palmitic acid. The idea was to transform the (0-hydroxyl function into a mesylate, followed by an elimination reaction to prepare the (O-unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), which was dimerised by a SM coupling to obtain the desired C30 diester (Scheme 5.5) [14]. This macromonomer was then polymerised with diols and diamines to prepare long-chain polyesters and polyamides (PA) with interesting thermal properties, such as a melting temperature (T ) of 109 °C for the polyester and 166 °C for the PA. 

Vapor phase properties the retention index of the methylester-trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of HETEs during gas liquid chronatography is 21.3 as canpared to normal fatty acid methyl esters (CV-1 column)Resolution of the various positional isoners of HETE by gas chronatography has not been achieved so far. 

Satsuki et al. Performance and physicochemical properties of alpha-sulfo fatty acid methyl esters, JAOCS, 69, 672-677, 1992. 

Schambil, Schwuger, Physico-chemical properties of alpha-sulpho fatty acid methyl esters and alpha-sulpho fatty acid di salts, Tenside Surf act. Det., 27(6), 380-385, 1990. 

Some Properties of Oxyethylated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters.281... 

Up to early 1990s, it was assumed that oxyethylation can occur only when the hydrophobic reagent had a labile hydrogen [1-3,5]. Thus, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were not considered as a raw material for the direct synthesis of nonionic surfactants with a polyoxyethylene chain. However, esters of fatty acids and PEG monomethyl ethers were known and their properties were described [6]. They were synthesized in a two-step process. Methanol was oxyethylated to PEG monomethyl ether that was then converted into the final product by transesterification with FAME or by esterification with fatty acids, carried out in the presence of an alkaline B or an acid catalyst, respectively. Esters of typical nonionics were synthesized in similar ways and their properties were described [7-9]. 

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