Fatty acid maximal rate

Manufacture of Fatty Acids and Derivatives. Splitting of fats to produce fatty acids and glycerol (a valuable coproduct) has been practiced since before the 1890s. In early processes, concentrated alkaU reacted with fats to produce soaps followed by acidulation to produce the fatty acids. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, mostly with sulfuric and sulfonic acids, was also practiced. Pressurized equipment was introduced to accelerate the rate of the process, and finally continuous processes were developed to maximize completeness of the reaction (105). Lipolytic enzymes maybe utilized to spHt... 

Rashef and Shapiro (1960) reported that pretreatment of adrenalecto-mizc d rats with either epinephrine or eortisone inereased the depressed rate of free fatty acid release by their mesenteric adipose tissue in vitro however, maximal effects were, obtained only when both were given. It was further pointed out that epinephrine alone was highly effective in restorii the depressed rate of free fatty acid release by tissue from adrenal demedul-lated rats. Reshef and Shapiro (1960) also observed that pretreatment of starved intact rats with cortisone had little effect on the release of free fatty acid by mesenteric adipose tissue. Such treatment, however, inereased and prolonged the response of tissue removed from rats injected with epinephrine (sec Section VI, A). These results may reflect in part the effects of glucocorticoid administration on the adipose tissue stores of the intact animal, but the interesting relation between the effects of epinephrine and adrenocortical steroids on the release of free fatty acids deserves further study. 

Ten Hoor and co-workers (1973) measured heart function In rats during maximum lipidosis, i.e., 3 days after feeding a HEAR oil containing diet. Heart function was measured two ways, one, in isolated left ventricular papillary muscle and the other with a heart-lung preparation in which the work load put on the heart could be adjusted as desired. With all measured parameters (i.e., maximal isometric contractile force, maximal developed tension and rate of tension development, and left ventricular stroke work), the hearts from rats that were put on a 50 calorie % HEAR oil diet had poorer contractile properties than did the hearts from the control group that received sunflower oil. Similarly, when rats were reared on an essential fatty acid deficient diet, the contractile force of isolated papillary muscle from heart was weaker than that from the control group that received linoleic acid, I.e., sunflower oil supplement. These authors suggest that in both instances the decreased contractile force of heart muscle may be related to an Impaired mitochondrial function and a decreased rate of ATP synthesis. 

A major determinant of the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation normally in liver is the delivery rate of activated fatty acyl groups to the enzymes of the P-oxidation spiral in the matrix. Although the importance of the delivery of free fatty acids to liver is well established in this regard, the fact that at times intracellular lipolysis alone can provide enough free fatty acids for oxidation needs to be appreciated. The observations that livers from diabetic rats continue to produce ketone bodies nearly maximally, even when perfused with medium lacking fatty acids, attests to the ability of intracellular lipolysis to furnish substrates for p-oxidation for appreciable periods, at least in liver, and to its activation in the diabetic state (Krebs et aL, 1969 Van Harken et aL, 1969) indirect evidences indicate that a cyclic AMP dependent hormone sensitive lipase exists in liver (for references, see Lund et aL, 1980). 

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