Factorial, description

The table of results is laid out in a column, and a second column is constructed in which in the hrst four rows the results would be added sequentially in pahs, e. g. Xi + X2, xj, + X4, x + jcg etc., and the lower four rows are calculated by subuacting the second value from dre preceding value thus, JC2 — JCi, JC4 — JC3 etc., a thh d column is prepared from these results by canying out the same sequence of operations. The process is continued until there are as many columns as the number of variables. Thus in the present tluee-variable, two level-study the process is repeated tluee times (Table 15.1), and in the general -variable, two-level case it is repeated n times. (The general description of uials of this kind where tlrere are n variables and two levels, is 2 factorial uials ). 

Kamerlingh Onnes does not fit the description of a loner on the contrary, he created one of the first laboratories to be set up as if it were a factory. Per Dahl in his comparison between Kamerlingh Onnes and his British counterpart, James Dewar, states that Onnes, to be sure was paternalistic, opinionated, and a man of strong principles—traits not uncommon among the moguls of late nineteenth-centuiy science—but that he proved to be a benevolent leader, kind and scrupulously fair in his relations with friends and pupils alike—behavior that was certainly within the norms ofhis time. 

August W. Giebelhaus. Business and Government in the Oil Industry A Case Study of Sun Oil, 1876-1945. Greenwich CT JAI Press, 1980. Source for Sun Oil description of knock and TEL added in factory. 

In the original process the cellulose nitrate itself was used as the fiber (hence its satirical description as mother-in-law silk ). The regenerating agent is ammonium hydrosulfide. The basic process was first demonstrated by J. W. Swan in London in 1885 but commercialized by Count L. M. H. B. de Chardonnet ( Father of the rayon industry ) in France in 1891 and operated there until 1934. The last working factory, that in Brazil, was burnt down in 1949. The other processes for making rayon fibers by regenerating cellulose ( viscose, cupram-monium) gave superior products. See also Rayon. 

These two expressions are descriptive of experimental facts only if an accommodation factoris included. 

According to a description from a factory at Elsnig nitration is conducted in reactors with a capacity of 500 1., in which 1 part of hexamine per 8.6 parts of nitric acid plus the calculated amount of ammonium nitrate are added to 99% nitric acid. 

Lead azide is manufactured on a technical scale by the action of sodium azide on an aqueous solution of lead nitrate. According to a description of manufacture in the Wolfratshausen factory in Germany [109], the reaction is conducted in an open reactor of stainless steel, provided with a jacket warmed by hot water and a stirrer which may be lifted out of the reactor (Fig. 49). The reactor is emptied by tilting. Its upper edge is therefore fitted with a spout so that the contents pour easily. The size of the reactor is such that 4.5 kg of lead nitrate in the form of a 9-10% solution can be used in each batch. This solution is poured into the reactor, warmed to 50°C and neutralized with sodium hydroxide to a pH of about 4.0 (in the presence of methyl orange) and 150 g of dextrin mixed with a small amount of water, is added. The suspension or solution of dextrin in water should be decanted before use to separate mechanical impurities, such as sand. 

M. Villanueva, M. Pomares, M. Catases and J. Diaz, Application of factorial designs for the description and correction of combined matrix effects in ICP-AES, Quim. Anal., 19(1), 2000, 39-42. 

To rewrite (2.2) in the same way we first have to define the factorial cumulant in the continuous description. Divide (2.3) by A2 and replace a, with r1,r2 ... 

Marine lipids with their diversity of unsaturated and branched chain acid moieties are a difficult class of materials to analyze. Ruminants (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) have a bacterial "factory" in the rumen which is able to produce branched-chain partially-hydrogenated lipids from ingested plant lipids. These lipids are incorporated into the milk and meat of the animals and eventually into animals which feed upon the ruminants. As a rule animal lipids are highly complex in comparison to plant materials. Although the branched chain materials are usually present in low concentration when compared to the common fatty acid moieties, complete description of these fats requires more sophisticated GC and thus long open tubular columns in tandem with mass spectrometry and computer analysis of the data has become an important approach. Even with a 100-m column, subcutaneous lipids of barley-fed lambs were so complex that prior fractionation with urea adducts was necessary (17). 

The SLC document typically consists of technical documents with system descriptions. It also has references to standard operating procedures (SOPs) and administrative and maintenance systems. A completed SLC documentation set is typically required prior to using analyzer systems in the pharmaceutical laboratory or factory. It is also required prior to use of the data obtained by the system in GMP. 

The property of the method of steepest ascent lies in the fact that movement along the gradient of a function must be preceded by a local description of the response surface by means of full or fractional factorial experiments [49]. It has been demonstrated that by processing FUFE or FRFE experimental outcomes we may obtain a mathematical model of a research subject in the form of a linear regression ... 

This method known from the description of the process at the Kriimmel. factory was used by the German explosives industry during World War II. Figure 82 represents a flow diagram of the manufacture of TNT by this method. 

In many of the descriptions, we refer to statistics for the dispersion effect of factor j . By this we mean either a main effect associated directly with a single factor or an interaction effect associated with some collection of factors. Much of the presentation focuses on two-level factorial designs and +1 and -1 are used to denote the high and low levels of each factor in these designs. 

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