Extrinsic losses

The primary requirement for making any connection is to minimise the optical power that is lost in it. Intrinsic losses result from technological variations of the fibres to be connected i.e. core area mismatch, numerical aperture mismatch, and profile mismatch. These obvious errors can only be omitted by proper matching of connected fibres or additional optical elements should be used. Contrary to the intrinsic losses, extrinsic ones can be corrected by a mechanical alignment. Extrinsic losses are caused if ends of the fibres are in some distance and the light from the input fibre cannot be collected by the sink fibre. A similar situation with power losses occurs in lateral displacement and angular misalignment. 

Careful monitoring and preventative care of high-risk patients can begin once these patients are identified. Intrinsic, or host-related, risk factors for the development of pressure sores include age greater than 75 years, limited mobility, loss of sensation, unconsciousness or altered sense of awareness, and malnutrition. Extrinsic, or environmental, risk factors include pressure, friction, shear stress, and moisture.37,42... 

Heat capacities at high temperatures, T > 1000 K, are most accurately determined by drop calorimetry [23, 24], Here a sample is heated to a known temperature and is then dropped into a receiving calorimeter, which is usually operated around room temperature. The calorimeter measures the heat evolved in cooling the sample to the calorimeter temperature. The main sources of error relate to temperature measurement and the attainment of equilibrium in the furnace, to evaluation of heat losses during drop, to the measurements of the heat release in the calorimeter, and to the reproducibility of the initial and final states of the sample. This type of calorimeter is in principle unsurpassed for enthalpy increment determinations of substances with negligible intrinsic or extrinsic defect concentrations... 

Direct and indirect costs are compared public and private costs are estimated at 3.5-4 times those for EPA in 1981. Among the former is loss of innovation. While several studies of this factor have been made for the industry, their reliability is questioned, due in part to lack of sound data prior to 1976. No mention was made of economic trends affecting corporate expenditures for research and development, or of trends in the maturation of industrial chemistry itself. Other indirect costs, such as concentration of manufacture within the industry, may result from costs of compliance, especially for smaller manufacturers. These factors were not compared with extrinsic factors, such as shifts in feedstock supply and commodity manufacture from the United States to other countries. 

Also shown in Fig. 10(c)-(g) are the anion yield functions for submonolayer quantities of O2 deposited onto various multilayer atomic and molecular solids. The data represent part of a study [41] on the environmental factors involved in the DEA process. As can be seen, the yield of desorbed ions can vary greatly with substrate composition. Such variations can be attributed to the so-called extrinsic factors that modify the ESD process at times before attachment and after dissociation, for example, electron energy-loss processes in the substrate and postdissociation interactions (PDI) of ions with the surrounding medium [41]. These processes can be contrasted with intrinsic factors, which... 

AIDS represents the classic example of immunodeficiency disease caused by extrinsic factors, in this instance the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This virus exhibits a strong tropism for CD4 T helper cells these become depleted, giving rise to increased frequency of opportunistic infections and malignancies in infected individuals. AIDS is also characterized by an imbalance in THl and TH2 cells, and the ratios of cells and their functions are skewed toward TH2. This results in hypergammaglobulinemia, loss of cytotoxic lymphocyte activity, and delayed hypersensitivity. 

The fiber optic sensors utilize an extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer to spectrally modulate light in proportion to pressure, temperature, or refractive index variations. Because they are based on spectral modulation instead of amplitude modulation, they are not affected by such common problems as fiber bending, connector losses, and aging. 

There are many factors which contribute to dielectric loss and in the case of the complex ceramic compounds discussed above, to achieve a satisfying understanding of the relative magnitudes of the various loss mechanisms is challenging. There will be contributions to loss intrinsic to the idealized structural chemistry of the material and it is now clear that this is complicated by a domain structure. There will also be contributions of an extrinsic nature, particularly those associated with departures from the ideal structure, point defects and... 

---