Low temperature calorimeter

The physical process occurring in a low-temperature calorimeter as particle detectors are fully described in ref. [55,56], In the next sections, we will focus on the cryogenic aspect of a detector, examining the type of detector used in CUORICINO experiment (see Section 16.6). 

Stull, D. R. An automatic adiabatic low temperature calorimeter. Anal. Chim. Acta. 17, 133-143 (1957). 

Low temperature measurements, 15-315 K, were made by Maples (3). A Debye temperature, 124 K, was used to extrapolate to T/K 0. Young and Hildenbrand (4) obtained heat capacities from enthalpy measurements that are 4 higher than those from the low temperature calorimeter which are preferred because of the proximity to the melting point. 

Amett has determined the heats of formation for 2-norbornyl and 2-methylnor-bornyl ions in a low-temperature calorimeter and a chloride ionization reaction... 

Figure 7. Active adiabatic calorimeters now in use multi-shielded low-temperature calorimeter (left, after [31] ) and ARC calorimeter (right, after [27]).

A LOW TEMPERATURE CALORIMETER. THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF BIS/ETHYLENEDIAMINE/ COPPER/II/ DICHLORIDE. PH.D. 

Figure 5.5 A cryogenic or low-temperature calorimeter. The sample container can be raised by the rotary winch so as to be in contact with the liquid helium reservoir for cooling to 4.2 K, or lowered into the vacuum for heating. The re-entrant well in the sample container contains a heating coil. (Simplified from Robie and Hemingway, 1972.)...

The papers that consider determination of the heat effects that accompany physical and chemical processes present a wide spectmm of types of calorimeters. These devices have been given various names by the authors, who made their choices on the basis of different criteria. Names such as low-temperature calorimeters, high-temperature calorimeters and high-pressure calorimeters come from the conditions of temperature and pressure under which the measurements are performed. In some cases, the type of process investigated is decisive calorimeters for heat of mixing, heat of evaporation, specific heat measurements, and others. The names of calorimeters often have to contain information about their constmction features, e.g. labyrinth flow calorimeter, calorimetric bomb, drop calorimeter, or stopped-flow calorimeter. The name of the device sometimes stems from the name of its creator. Examples here include the calorimeters of Lavoisier, Laplace, Bunsen, Calvet, Swietoslawski, Junkers, and others. This diversity of the names of calorimeters justifies an attempt to find features that classify the devices unambiguously. 

Figure 7.30 Low-temperature calorimeter designed by Cmelin (accordingto Gmelin, 1967).

Low-temperature calorimeters are mostly used to measure the heat capacity at as low temperatures as possible to get the thermodynamic potential functions, particularly the zero temperature entropy of solids. Furthermore, solid-solid transitions and anomalies such as superconductivity phenomena have extensively been investigated with such calorimeters. 

A simple low-temperature calorimeter based on a helium refrigerator system. Thermochim, Acta,... 

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