Extreme pressure additives industrial lubricants

Chlorinated paraffins are versatile materials and are used in widely differing appHcations. As cost-effective plasticizers, they are employed in plastics particularly PVC, mbbers, surface coatings, adhesives, and sealants. Where required they impart the additional features of fire retardance, and chemical and water resistance. In conjunction with antimony trioxide, they constitute one of the most cost-effective fire-retardant systems for polymeric materials, textiles, surface coatings, and paper products. Chlorinated paraffins are also employed as components in fat Hquors used in the leather industry, as extreme pressure additives in metal-working lubricants, and as solvents in carbonless copying paper. 

Lubricants containing chlorinated hydrocarbons are typically used as antiseizure additives in the metalworking industry. Some chlorine-containing hydrocarbons function by producing iron chloride on the metal surface (Kotvis et al., 1991). The correlation between chemical reactivity and load carrying capacity of oil containing extreme pressure additives can be assumed to be as follows ... 

Used industrially as a textile finishing agent, antioxidant, paint solvent, additive for adhesives, additive for extreme pressure lubricant chemical intermediate for organic phosphorus compounds. 

Monoalkyl phosphate and phosphate esters are special types of phosphoms-contain-ing anionic surfactants that are of great industrial importance. They are used for flameproofing, as antistatic for textiles, for foam inhibition, as an extreme pressure (EP) lubricant additive, as a surfactant component for alkaline, and as acid cleaners and for special cosmetic preparations (5). The commercially available phosphate ester products are complex mixtures of monoester and diester, free phosphoric acid, and free nonionic. 

Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZnDTPs) are widely used as extreme pressure and antiwear additives in many different kinds of engine and industrial lubricants. It is known that ZnDTP forms tribological films on rubbing metal surfaces it has been proposed that these films consist of amorphous polyphosphates, but the exact chemical composition of the different polyphosphates in the ZnDTP tribofilm is not known, and a generally accepted reaction mechanism has not emerged to date. Most authors believe that thermal decomposition is the major mechanism of ZnDTP tribofilm formation as a result only tribological experiments conducted at elevated temperatures (60-200 °C) are, typically, reported in the literature. 22 All the evidence obtained so far for substantiating the amorphous polyphosphate model has been based on ex situ experiments. 

---