Extreme noise characteristics

Gadolinium ethyl sulfate has extremely low noise characteristics and may find use in duplicating the performance of amplifiers, such as the maser. 

If near-infrared diode lasers have low-noise characteristics similar to those of mid-infrared diode lasers, and thus minimum absorbances of 10 5 or less are possible, then an approximate detection limit can be calculated for an absorption experiment. For a 200-m optical path, the calculated detection limit is 5 x 1010 molecules/cm3, which is well above levels of H02 expected to be found in the atmosphere. An absorption experiment in this spectral region apparently would require extremely long optical path lengths, and, indeed, a calculation with a 5-km path yields a calculated detection limit of 2 x 109 molecules/cm3, still rather high for tropospheric measurements. Other issues associated with the use of diode lasers in absorption spectroscopy are discussed in the next section. 

Two of the Gd isotopes, namely, d and Gd, have excellent neutron-capture characteristics but are present in nature in only low concentrations. As a result, Gd has a very fast burnout rate and has limited use as nuclear control rod material in reactors and power plants [2]. Compounds of gadolinium are used in making phosphors for color TV tubes. The metal has superconductive properties. As little as 1% of the element has been found to improve the workability and resistance of iron, chromium, and related alloys to high temperatures and oxidation. The ethyl sulfate compound has extremely low noise characteristics. Hence, it may find use in multiplying the performance of high-frequency amplifiers. 

This technology cannot be located near noise-sensitive areas. The operating system does not work well in temperature extremes, such as below 30 or above 100°F. The technology is ex situ, requiring soil excavation. The technology changes the physical characteristics of fine-grained soils such as clay and topsoil. 

The pressure sensitivity of a detector is extremely important as it is one of the detector parameters that determines both the long term noise and the drift. As it influences long term noise, it will also have a direct impact on detector sensitivity or minimum detectable concentration together with those other characteristics that depend on detector sensitivity. Certain detectors are more sensitive to changes in pressure than others. The katherometer detector, which is used frequently for the detection of permanent gases in GC, can be very pressure sensitive as can the LC refractive index detector. Careful design can minimize the effect of pressure but all bulk property detectors will tend to be pressure sensitive. 

Noise is obviously not a characteristic of quantum information, it also concerns classical devices. Indeed, if, on the one hand, components in classical computers are extremely reliable, and can almost be regarded as noiseless, systems like modems and CD players, on the contrary, do suffer from noise. To remedy this parasitic process, error-correcting codes have been well developed and are currently widely used in such classical devices. 

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