Extraction interface

Cross-section of typical ICP ion source showing plasma torch and ion extraction interface. Extraction and skimmer sizes are slightly exaggerated for clarity. 

St-Germain F, Mamer O, Brunet J, et al. 1995. Volatile organic compound analysis by an inertial spray extraction interface coupled to an ion trap mass spctrometer. Anal Chem 67 4536-4541. 

The other type of chemical mechanism is more selective and is used when the solute is not soluble in the membrane phase, therefore requiring the addition of a selective reactant into the membrane to form a complex or an ion pair with the solute. The reaction product then diffuses across the membrane and at the second interface it reacts with a species added to phase 3 so that stripping also takes place by chemical reaction (Fig. 15.2b). This mechanism is called carrier-mediated membrane transfer. The reagent recovered from the reversed reaction then transfers back to the extraction interface. This is usually called the reagent shuttle mechanism. 

WICKER-SHAPED SILVER PARTICLES PREPARED BY EXTRACTION INTERFACE REDUCTION... 

Dercksen, A., Laurens, J., Torline, P., Axcell, B. C., and Rohwer, E., Quantitative analysis of volatile sulfur compounds in heer using a membrane extraction interface, J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem., 54, 228-233, 1996. 

Brockman, A. H., Shah, N. N., and Orlando, R., Optimization of a hydrophobic solid-phase extraction interface for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, yoMmaZo/MassS/recfronrefry, 33,1141-1147, 1998. 

Zhu, Y., Fang, Q. (2010) Integrated Droplet Analysis System with Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Using a Hydrophilic Tongue-based Droplet Extraction Interface. Anal. Chem. 82 8361-8366. 

Fig. 15.12. Ion extraction interface for ICP-MS. Ions arrive from the ri t, a small portion is transmitted through the water-cooled sampling cone into the first pumping stage (rotary pump), the center of the free-jet expansion is then transmitted through the second skimmer cone, behind which it is guided by electric potentials through the second pumping stage into the mass analyzer. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [3]. John Wiley Sons Ltd., 1997.

Keywords liquid-liquid extraction interface ionophore calixarene counterion solvation molecular dynamics immiscible liquids phase separation recognition organization. 

Abstract This chapter explores the manner in which the surface analysis methods of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) can be used to extract information regarding the interfacial chemistry of adhesion from polymer/metal systems such as adhesive joints. It will be shown that the analysis of a failure interface is an uncertain method to extracting interface chemistry but in certain situations, where a very thin layer of polymer remains on the metal oxide surface, this provides spectra characteristic of the interphase. In most situations, some form of chemical or mechanical sectioning is necessary, and microtomy and dissolution methods are described as ways in which chemical information at high depth resolution can be extracted from the interphase zone. 

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