Extracellular matrix alginate

Rowley JA, Madlambayan G, and Mooney DJ. Alginate hydrogels as synthetic extracellular matrix materials. Biomaterials 1999 20 45-53. 

Ranucci CS, Kumar A, Batra SP, Moghe PV (2000) Control of hepatocyte function on collagen foams sizing matrix pores toward selective induction of 2-D and 3-D cellular morphogenesis. Biomaterials 21(8) 783-793 Rowley JA, Madlambayan G, Mooney DJ (1999) Alginate hydrogels as synthetic extracellular matrix materials. Biomaterials 20(1) 45-53... 

Seo SJ, Choi YJ, Akaike T, Higuchi A, Cho CS (2006) Alginate/galactosylated chitosan/hep-arin scaffold as a new synthetic extracellular matrix for hepatocytes. Tissue Eng 12(1) 33 4... 

Park et al. [102] designed an injectable cell delivery chitosan-Pluronic hydrogel for articular cartilage regeneration. The chitosan-Pluronic solution underwent a sol-gel transition at around 25 °C. The chitosan-Pluronic hydrogel showed effective chondrocyte proliferation and promoted extracellular matrix expression compared with alginate hydrogel. 

Rowley, J. A., Madlambayan, G. Mooney, D. J. (1999) Alginate hydrogels as S3mthetic extracellular matrix materials. Biomaterials, 20, 45-53. 

Many natural hydrogels are known to be constituents of the extracellular matrix, mucin, glycocalix and so on. Jelly is a well-known example of the use of hydrogels in food. Hydrogels can be obtained from many hydrophilic polymers, either natural (e.g. cellulose, dextran, alginate, hyaltuonic acid, chitosan, pectin) or synthetic (e.g. poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), PEG, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), PHEMA, polyacrylamides). 

Figure 21.8. Primary hBMSC chondrocyte (2 1 seeding ratio) responses inside chitosan-coated alginate capsules with chemically linked GRGD peptide at 28 days. The panel of images are thin sections of capsules that have been stained with alcian blue and Sirius red to indicate presence of collagen and proteoglycan extracellular matrix. GRGD induces a tissue formation response.

Figure 21.9. Primary hBMSC response to GRGD modified alginate-coated capsules at 14 days. Alkaline phosphatase expression is significantly increased in GRGD modified capsules compared to un-modified capsules and a proprietary peptide modified alginate. Histological examination of these same capsules reveal concentrated areas of organised collagen extracellular matrix (n=4).

Natural polymers such as collagen, elastin, and fibrin make up much of the body s native extracellular matrix (ECM), and they were explored as platforms for tissue engineered constructs [34,47 9]. Polysaccharides such as chitosan, starch, alginate, and dextran were also studied for these purposes. Simultaneously, silk fibroin was widely explored for vascular applications due to its higher mechanical properties in comparison to other natural polymers, such as fibrin [48]. The utilization of natural polymers to create tissue-engineered scaffolds has yielded promising results, both in vitro and in vivo, due in part to the enhanced bioactivity provided by materials normally found within the human body [50]. However, their mechanical response is usually below the required values therefore, synthetic polymers have been explored to achieve the desired properties. 

Seo, S.J., Akaike, T., Choi, Y.J., Shirakawa, M., Kang, I.K., Cho, C.S., 2005. Alginate microcapsules prepared with xyloglucan as a synthetic extracellular matrix for hepatocyte attachment. Biomaterials 26, 3607-3615. 

Gerard, C., Catuogno, C., Amargier-Huin, C., et al., 2005. The effect of alginate, hyaluronate and hyaluronate derivatives biomaterials on synthesis on non-articular chondrocyte extracellular matrix. 1. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 16, 541-551. 

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