Explosives hexogen

Among the important war chemicals, second only to nitrogen was the methanol which was already being wafted eastward in the imaginations of Krauch and Ambros and Ter Meer. The methanol went to Dynamit A.G. at Troisdorf and Kummer, where it was converted into the two deadliest and latest explosives — hexogen and nitropenta. 

Another application of polyurethanes, in addition to propellants, concerns explosives. Hexogene and penthrit can be active additives 237. The air-deployable incendiary composition has also been studied 238). 

Nitramines have use especially as explosives ( Hexogen, Tetryl, nitroguanidine). 

RDX (cyclotiimethylenetrinitramine), royal demolition explosive, hexogen, or cyclonite (also called royal Dutch explosive)... 

The explosive hexogen (RDX) is produced according to the SH process. Hexamine is nitrated with an excess of 8-10 times of concentrated nitric acid (98.5 %). The reaction temperature should not exceed 23 °C in order to avoid runaway. Apart from the reacting substances and the product ammonia, formaldehyde and other materials are present in the reactor. The reaction is exothermic and the mixture is chemically unstable. Hence, the reaction temperature and the excess of nitric acid have to be kept within the permissible range in order to avoid an explosion. The reaction takes place in the nitrator whose P l diagram is shown in Fig. 4.11. It represents the first part of a cascade of reactors where the reaction is completed and the product is conditioned. The process is continuous and the process stream progresses from reactor to reactor by overflow. 

The nitrator shown in Fig. 4.10 and discussed in case studies 4.2 and 9.4 is investigated. A LOPA is to be used to analyze the failure of the cooling of the reactor, which would lead to a temperature rise, a runaway reaction and the explosion of about 101 kg of the explosive hexogen. 

In the plant of case study 4.2 there are 101.5 kg of the explosive hexogen during stationary production. What is the peak side-on overpressure at a distance of r = 20 m in case of an explosion What are the health effects to be expected for a person standing at this distance from the reactor and what is the probability for structural damage ... 

Nitrogelatin explosive Hexogen (RD)Q Nitrogen trichloride Nitrogen triiodide... 

Compound 225 can be recrystallized from a large volume of water but gradually decomposes into starting materials, especially in the presence of aqueous mineral acids in a process similar to that for hexamethylenetetramine. When treated with concentrated nitric acid, it yields hexogen (cyclotrimethylenetrinitroamine, an explosive).245 Similar properties can be expected for 226, which is characterized by its high toxicity.246... 

The other factories, however, made products that had no large peacetime use, such as the explosives-intermediate hexogen. The total production was financed by the Wehrmacht. The factories were built exclusively for war Farben insisted on this form of financing because "the production is war material and no assured peacetime market can be expected." Farben refused the use of its name. To many Germans, and to many more people in the outside world, these Farben-Wehrmacht factories were known simply by the names of the cities where they were located. 

The ethylene oxide had many uses for the Krauch-Schneider-Buetefisch Sparte. It was also the silent, colorless assistant of the Ter Meer Sparte. Ter Meer s pharmaceutical division could take the excess methanol, produced by Schneider for his anti-freezes and fuels, and turn it into shaving lotions and liniments. Methanol could be converted, in solid forms, to two deadly explosives — nitropenta and hexogen. And Ter Meer could make glycol (Prestone) react doubly with itself to produce diglycol, an intermediate in the manufacture of explosives. 

Military and ammunition sites contaminated with explosives can cover substantial areas (Gerth et al. 2005). Soil contamination in these sites is often heterogeneous. Explosives are relatively non-volatile, and have low aqueous solubility. Sampling from sites within a few decimetres of one another can result in concentration differences of up to one hundredfold (Jenkins et al. 1996). For example, the coefficients of variation across samples taken from 11 abandoned sites in the USA were 248% for TNT and 137% for Hexogen (Crockett et al. 1998). As a result, sampling error greatly exceeds measurement error. Thus to obtain representative results... 

Measurements. Combustion temperatures of PETN, RDX Tetryl were measured at 20-100 atm in a constant-pressure bomb under a N2 atmosphere (Refs 2 3). The absorptivities of the PETN and Hexogen flames were 0.1-0.3 and that of the Tetryl flame 0.8-0.9. In all cases the flame absorptivity increased toward the surface of the charge. If secondary explosives are volatile, as noted by Belyaev... 

Hexo (S-15 and S-22). Ger Substitute Explosives (Ersatz-sprengstoffe), contg Hexogen. 

Examination of nitration acids 167—191 — Examination of finished products propellants, secondary expls and primary expls 192 — Examination of individual expls solid TNT, liquid TNT, Hexogen (RDX), Hexotol (Cyclotol), Hexotonal (RDX/TNT/A1, Torpex), Penthrite (PETN), Bofors Plastic Explosive (BPE), Bonocord, Tetryl, Lead Azide, Lead Styphnate, Mercury Fulminate, Silver Azide and Tetracene]... 

French Explosives. See under Explosifs in this Vol and under individual names, such as Anilite, Cheddite, Favier explosifs, Grisou-dynaniites, Hexogene, Melinite (PA), Nitrami-don (NS), Poudre noire (BkPdr), Schneideritsj Tolite or Trotyl (TNT) and others... 

Hexahydro-1,3,5 -trinitro-1,3,5 -triazine (RDX, Cyclonite, Hexogen, Cyclotrimethylene trinitramine) Powerful explosive used as a main high explosive... 

Explosives such as RDX (hexogen) and HMX (octogen) are important military explosives and generally a binder is used along with these explosives for two reasons ... 

After World War I, major research programmes were inaugurated to find new and more powerful explosive materials. From these programmes came cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine [(RDX) (C3H6N606)] also called Cyclonite or Hexogen, and pentaerythritol tetranitrate [(PETN) (C5H8N4012)]. 

RDX (2.14), also known as Hexogen, Cyclonite and cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine (C3H6N606), was first prepared in 1899 by Henning for medicinal use and used as an explosive in 1920 by Herz. The properties and preparation of RDX were fully developed during World War II. 

The name of cyclonite, given to this explosive by Clarence J. Bain because of its cyclic structure and cyclonic nature, is the one by which it is generally known in the United States. The Germans call it Hexogen, the Italians T4. 

As an explosive, TNT is used both compressed (in demolition charges) and in the cast form in shells and also in demolition charges. In the latter case detonators comprising compressed charges of TNT, tetryl, hexogen, or penthrite are used,... 

Fliirscheim and Holmes [20] obtained pentanitroaniline (m. p. 238°C, decomposition) by the nitration of 3,5-dinitroaniline (p. 557). The product has proved to be a powerful explosive, of the order of penthrite or hexogen. However, its nitro groups located in the 3- and 5-positions can readily be split off or substituted, making the compound insufficiently stable for use as an explosive. 

Secondary Explosives Nitroglycerin Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Trinitrotoluene Ethyleneglycol dinitrate Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (Hexogen or Cyclonite) Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (Octogen)... 

Trinitroazetidine s performance data as an explosive lies between -> Hexogen and -> Octogen, but it is considerably less sensitive and therefore attractive for - LOVA (Low Vulnerability Ammunition) applications. 

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